Aronson MFJ, La Sorte FA, Nilon CH, Katti M, Goddard MA, Lepczyk CA, et al. A global analysis of the impacts of urbanization on bird and plant diversity reveals key anthropogenic drivers. Proc Biol Sci. 2014;281:20133330.
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Barth BJ, FitzGibbon SI, Wilson RS. New urban developments that retain more remnant trees have greater bird diversity. Landsc Urban Plan. 2015;136:122–9.
Google Scholar
Bivand R, Altman M, Anselin L, Assunção R, Berke O, Bernat A, et al. spdep: spatial dependence: weighting schemes, statistics and models. R package version 0.5-92. 2015. http://CRAN.R-project.org/package=spdep.
Brown JH. Two decades of homage to santa rosalia: toward a general theory of diversity. Integr Comp Biol. 1981;21:877–88.
Google Scholar
Carbo-Ramirez P, Zuria I. The value of small urban greenspaces for birds in a Mexican city. Landsc Urban Plan. 2011;100:213–22.
Google Scholar
Concepción ED, Obrist MK, Moretti M, Altermatt F, Baur B, Nobis MP. Impacts of urban sprawl on species richness of plants, butterflies, gastropods and birds: not only built-up area matters. Urban Ecosyst. 2016;19:225–42.
Google Scholar
Conole LE, Kirkpatrick JB. Functional and spatial differentiation of urban bird assemblages at the landscape scale. Landsc Urban Plan. 2011;100:11–23.
Google Scholar
Cornelis J, Hermy M. Biodiversity relationships in urban and suburban parks in Flanders. Landsc Urban Plan. 2004;69:385–401.
Google Scholar
Currie DJ. Energy and large-scale patterns of animal- and plant-species richness. Am Nat. 1991;137:27–49.
Google Scholar
de Toledo MCB, Donatelli RJ, Batista GT. Relation between green spaces and bird community structure in an urban area in Southeast Brazil. Urban Ecosyst. 2012;15:111–31.
Google Scholar
Drummond AJ, Rambaut A. BEAST: Bayesian evolutionary analysis by sampling trees. BMC Evol Biol. 2007;7:214.
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Evans KL, Newson SE, Gaston KJ. Habitat influences on urban avian assemblages. Ibis. 2009;151:19–39.
Google Scholar
Feng G, Mao L, Sandel B, Swenson NG, Svenning J. High plant endemism in China is partially linked to reduced glacial-interglacial climate change. J Biogeogr. 2016;43:145–54.
Google Scholar
Ferenc M, Sedlacek O, Fuchs R, Dinetti M, Fraissinet M, Storch D. Are cities different? Patterns of species richness and beta diversity of urban bird communities and regional species assemblages in Europe. Glob Ecol Biogeogr. 2014;23:479–89.
Google Scholar
Fernández-Juricic E. Bird community composition patterns in urban parks of Madrid: the role of age, size and isolation. Ecol Res. 2000;15:373–83.
Google Scholar
Gagné SA, Sherman PJ, Singh KK, Meentemeyer RK. The effect of human population size on the breeding bird diversity of urban regions. Biodivers Conserv. 2016;25:653–71.
Google Scholar
Goldewijk KK, Beusen A, van Drecht G, de Vos M. The HYDE 3.1 spatially explicit database of human-induced global land-use change over the past 12,000 years. Glob Ecol Biogeogr. 2011;20:73–86.
Google Scholar
H-Acevedo D, Currie DJ. Does climate determine broad-scale patterns of species richness? A test of the causal link by natural experiment. Glob Ecol Biogeogr. 2003;12:461–73.
Google Scholar
Hawkins BA, Porter EE, Diniz-Filho JAF. Productivity and history as predictors of the latitudinal diversity gradient of terrestrial birds. Ecology. 2003;84:1608–23.
Google Scholar
Hawkins BA, Diniz-Filho JAF, Soeller SA. Water links the historical and contemporary components of the Australian bird diversity gradient. J Biogeogr. 2005;32:1035–42.
Google Scholar
Hijmans RJ, Cameron SE, Parra JL, Jones PG, Jarvis A. Very high resolution interpolated climate surfaces for global land areas. Int J Climatol. 2005;25:1965–78.
Google Scholar
Huang Y, Zhao YZ, Li SH, von Gadow K. The effects of habitat area, vegetation structure and insect richness on breeding bird populations in Beijing urban parks. Urban For Urban Green. 2015;14:1027–39.
Google Scholar
Jetz W, Thomas GH, Joy JB, Hartmann K, Mooers AO. The global diversity of birds in space and time. Nature. 2012;491:444–8.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Jiang Z, Jiang J, Wang Y, Zhang Y, Li L, Xie F, et al. Red list of China’s vertebrates. Biodivers Sci. 2016;24:500–51 (in Chinese).
Google Scholar
Lepczyk CA, Flather CH, Radeloff VC, Pidgeon AM, Hammer RB, Liu J. Human impacts on regional avian diversity and abundance. Conserv Biol. 2008;22:405–16.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Leveau LM. Bird traits in urban–rural gradients: how many functional groups are there? J Ornithol. 2013;154:655–62.
Google Scholar
Li L, Wang Z, Zerbe S, Abdusalih N, Tang Z, Ma M, et al. Species richness patterns and water-energy dynamics in the Drylands of Northwest China. PLoS ONE. 2013;8:e66450.
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Liang C, Feng G, Si X, Mao L, Yang G, Svenning JC, et al. Bird species richness is associated with phylogenetic relatedness, plant species richness, and altitudinal range in Inner Mongolia. Ecol Evol. 2018;8:53–8.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Liu J, Bai H, Ma H, Feng G. Bird diversity in Chinese urban parks was more associated with natural factors than anthropogenic factors. Urban For Urban Green. 2019;43:126358.
Google Scholar
Loarie SR, Duffy PB, Hamilton H, Asner GP, Field CB, Ackerly DD. The velocity of climate change. Nature. 2009;462:1052–5.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Loss SR, Ruiz MO, Brawn JD. Relationships between avian diversity, neighborhood age, income, and environmental characteristics of an urban landscape. Biol Conserv. 2009;142:2578–85.
Google Scholar
McDonald RI. Global urbanization: can ecologists identify a sustainable way forward? Front Ecol Environ. 2008;6:99–104.
Google Scholar
McKinney ML. Effects of urbanization on species richness: a review of plants and animals. Urban Ecosyst. 2008;11:161–76.
Google Scholar
Morelli F, Benedetti Y, Su T, Zhou B, Moravec D, Šímová P, et al. Taxonomic diversity, functional diversity and evolutionary uniqueness in bird communities of Beijing’s urban parks: effects of land use and vegetation structure. Urban For Urban Green. 2017;23:84–92.
Google Scholar
Oksanen J, Blanchet FG, Kindt R, Legendre P, Minchin PR, O’Hara RB, et al. vegan: Community ecology package. 2015. http://cran.r-project.org/package=vegan.
Olden JD, Poff NL, Douglas MR, Douglas ME, Fausch KD. Ecological and evolutionary consequences of biotic homogenization. Trends Ecol Evol. 2004;19:18–24.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Palacio FX, Ibañez LM, Maragliano RE, Montalti D. Urbanization as a driver of taxonomic, functional and phylogenetic diversity loss in bird communities. Can J Zool. 2018;96:cjz-2018-0008.
Google Scholar
Petchey OL, Gaston KJ. Functional diversity: back to basics and looking forward. Ecol Lett. 2010;9:741–58.
Google Scholar
Qian H, Zhang Y, Zhang J, Wang X. Latitudinal gradients in phylogenetic relatedness of angiosperm trees in North America. Glob Ecol Biogeogr. 2013;22:1183–91.
Google Scholar
R Core Team. R: a language and environment for statistical computing. Vienna: R Foundation for Statistical Computing; 2016.
Google Scholar
Rosseel Y. lavaan: an R package for structural equation modeling. J Stat Softw. 2012;48:1–36.
Google Scholar
Sol D, Gonzalez-Lagos C, Moreira D, Maspons J, Lapiedra O. Urbanisation tolerance and the loss of avian diversity. Ecol Lett. 2014;17:942–50.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Thompson PS, Greenwood JJD, Greenaway K. Birds in European gardens in the winter and spring of 1988-89. Bird Study. 1993;40:120–34.
Google Scholar
Turner JRG. Explaining the global biodiversity gradient: energy, area, history and natural selection. Basic Appl Ecol. 2004;5:435–48.
Google Scholar
Turner JRG, Lennon JJ, Lawrenson JA. British bird species distributions and the energy theory. Nature. 1988;335:539–41.
Google Scholar
van Rensburg BJ, Chown SL, Gaston KJ. Species richness, environmental correlates, and spatial scale: a test using South African birds. Am Nat. 2002;159:566–77.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Waide R, Willig M, Steiner C, Mittelbach G, Gough L, Dodson S, et al. The relationship between productivity and species richness. Annu Rev Ecol Syst. 1999;30:257–300.
Google Scholar
Wang Y, Si X, Bennett PM, Chen C, Zeng D, Zhao Y, et al. Ecological correlates of extinction risk in Chinese birds. Ecography. 2018;41:782–94.
Google Scholar
Webb CO, Ackerly DD, McPeek MA, Donoghue MJ. Phylogenies and community ecology. Annu Rev Ecol Syst. 2002;33:475–505.
Google Scholar
Wu J, Zhang Q, Li A, Liang C. Historical landscape dynamics of Inner Mongolia: patterns, drivers, and impacts. Landsc Ecol. 2015;30:1579–98.
Google Scholar
Xu R. Fauna of Inner Mongolia, vol. III. Hohhot: Inner Mongolia University Press; 2007 (in Chinese).
Google Scholar
Xu R. Fauna of Inner Mongolia, vol. IV. Hohhot: Inner Mongolia University Press; 2015 (in Chinese).
Google Scholar
Zhang W, Liang C, Liu J, Si X, Feng G. Species richness, phylogenetic and functional structure of bird communities in Chinese university campuses are associated with divergent variables. Urban Ecosyst. 2018;21:1213–25.
Google Scholar