Table 1 A summary of the proportion of males (P_Males) among first-winter juveniles, adults, and all individuals in each species, based on the total numbers of all individuals (n_Total) and the number of males (n_Males)

843

406

0.482 (0.447–0.516)

0.603

987

624

0.632 (0.601–0.662)

 < 0.001

1830

1030

0.563 (0.540–0.586)

 < 0.001

15,458

8039

0.520 (0.512–0.528)

 < 0.001

14,677

9008

0.614 (0.606–0.622)

 < 0.001

30,135

17,047

0.566 (0.560–0.571)

 < 0.001

1914

829

0.433 (0.411–0.456)

 < 0.001

2965

2001

0.675 (0.658–0.692)

 < 0.001

4879

2830

0.580 (0.566–0.594)

 < 0.001

1678

975

0.581 (0.557–0.605)

 < 0.001

4224

3348

0.793 (0.780–0.805)

 < 0.001

5902

4323

0.732 (0.721–0.744)

 < 0.001

309

137

0.443 (0.387–0.501)

0.159

2743

2289

0.834 (0.820–0.848)

 < 0.001

3052

2426

0.795 (0.780–0.809)

 < 0.001

194

111

0.572 (0.499–0.643)

0.157

265

190

0.717 (0.659–0.770)

 < 0.001

459

301

0.656 (0.610–0.699)

 < 0.001

20,828

12,363

0.594 (0.587–0.600)

 < 0.001

12,153

7354

0.605 (0.596–0.614)

 < 0.001

32,981

19,717

0.598 (0.593–0.603)

 < 0.001

3989

1766

0.443 (0.427–0.458)

 < 0.001

2267

1341

0.592 (0.571–0.612)

 < 0.001

6256

3107

0.497 (0.484–0.509)

0.604

2796

1218

0.436 (0.417–0.454)

 < 0.001

2714

1783

0.657 (0.639–0.675)

 < 0.001

5510

3001

0.545 (0.531–0.558)

 < 0.001