Vineyards, but not cities, are associated with lower presence of a generalist bird, the Common Blackbird (Turdus merula), in Western France

Table 3 Model selection establishing variations in Common Blackbird presence in relation to fine-scale landscape components and time after sunrise

Model	Fixed parameters	df	LL	AICc	ΔAICc	w_i
Woodland census sites
M₀	Null model	1	‒ 21.083	44.303	0	0.257
M₁	Time	2	‒ 19.979	44.386	0.083	0.247
M₂	P_Trees + Time	3	‒ 19.335	45.559	1.256	0.137
M₃	P_Impervious + Time	3	‒ 19.405	45.698	1.395	0.128
M₄	P_Trees	2	‒ 20.675	45.779	1.476	0.123
Urban census sites
M₀	Null model	1	‒ 20.690	43.519	0	0.101
M₁	P_Herb	2	‒ 19.778	43.985	0.466	0.080
M₂	P_Grasslands	2	‒ 19.784	43.997	0.478	0.080
M₃	P_Impervious	2	‒ 19.795	44.018	0.499	0.079
M₄	Time	2	‒ 20.001	44.430	0.912	0.064
Farmland census sites
M₁	P_Trees + Time	3	‒ 16.467	39.823	0	0.176
M₀	Null model	1	‒ 19.493	41.123	1.301	0.092
M₂	P_Grasslands	2	‒ 18.414	41.256	1.433	0.086
M₃	P_Trees	2	‒ 18.446	41.322	1.499	0.083
M₄	P_Orchards	2	‒ 18.685	41.799	1.976	0.066

Models are ranked according to decreasing statistical support, as indicated by AICc. The 5 best models are shown. Only landscape components that were present in more than two sites were added in the initial model. Percentage of the census site covered by: impervious areas, P_Impervious; built-up areas, P_Built-up; herb layer, P_Herb; shrub and tree layers, P_Trees; grasslands, P_Grasslands; orchards, P_Orchards; vineyards, P_Vineyards; other types of crops, P_Croplands; or aquatic systems, P_Water. Time since sunrise: Time

ISSN: 2053-7166