Fig. 1

Distributions and sample locations for the two snowcock species: a Tetraogallus himalayensis, marked with blue rectangular solid, b T. tibetanus, marked with pink triangular solid. Sample sites are abbreviated as follows: Datong (DT), Sunan (SN), Tianzhu (TZ), Atushi (AT), Wuqia (WQ), Yecheng (YC), Haixi (THX), Delingha (TDL), Zhiduo (ZD), Biru (BR), Baqin (BQ), Anduo (AD), Suoxian (SX), Qumalai (QM) for T. tibetanus sampling sites, Subei (SB), Pishan (PS), Hetian (HT), Kashi (KS), Germ (GM) Delinha (HDL), Qitai (QT), Houxia (HHX), Akesu (AK), Zhaosu (ZS), Taxkorgan (TS) for T. himalayensis. Group definitions see Additional file 1: Table S2. QLS (Qilian Mountains region), QDM (Qiadam Basin region), BKL (Baryan Har Mountains region), TGL (Tanggula Mountains region) and WKL (western Kunlun Mountains region) for Tetraogallus tibetanus, and for T. himalayensis geographical origin, the samples were divided into six regional groups: HETS (eastern Tien Shan region), HWTS (western Tien Shan region), HWKL (western Kunlun Mountains region), HQDM (Qiadam Basin region), HQLS (Qilian Mountain region), HPME (Pamir Plateau)