Table 4 A review of Brown-headed Cowbird parasitism frequencies on Red-winged Blackbird nests across North America
State/province | County/area | Nests examined | Nests parasitized | Parasitism frequency (%) | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Westa | |||||
BC | Westham Island | ~ 1400 | 3 | 0.2 | Picman (1986) |
BC | Provincewide | 1416 | 28 | 2.0 | Campbell et al. (2001) |
BC | Okanagan Valley | 107 | 1 | 1.0 | Ward and Smith (2000) |
BC | Okanagan Valley | 258 | 29 | 11.2 | Cannings et al. (1987) |
CA | Fresno County | 4 | 0 | 0.0 | Verner and Ritter (1983) |
CA | Central Valley | 85 | 6 | 7.1 | Payne (1973) |
WA | Grant County | 1325 | 102 | 7.7 | Freeman et al. (1990) |
WA | Columbia National Wildlife Refuge | 2039 | 198 | 9.7 | Orians et al. (1989) |
WA | Whitman County | 24 | 3 | 12.5 | King (1954) |
West total | 6658 | 368 | 5.5 | ||
Central | |||||
CO | Boulder County | 591 | 14 | 2.4 | Vierling (2000) |
CO | Boulder County | 295 | 47 | 15.9 | Carello and Snyder (2000) |
CO | Boulder County | 79 | 21 | 26.6 | Ortega et al. (1994) |
CO | Boulder County | 97b | 5 | 5.2 | Ortega et al. (1994) |
CO | 802 | 78 | 9.7 | ||
CO | 37 | 1 | 2.7 | Ortega and Ortega unpub. data in Ortega (1998) | |
CO, WY | 154 | 27 | 17.5 | Hanka (1979) | |
IA | Northern IA | 343 | 40 | 11.7 | Delphey and Dinsmore (1993) |
IA | Dickinson County | 98 | 32 | 32.7 | Lowther (1983) |
IL | 200 | 25 | 12.5 | Merrill et al. (2017) | |
IL | Scott County | 150b | 44 | 29.3 | Peer (2017) |
IL | Dupage County | 139 | 52 | 37.4 | Strausberger (2001) |
IL | Coles County | 344 | 5 | 1.5 | Peer and Bollinger (1997) |
IL | statewide | 217 | 6 | 2.8 | Robinson et al. (2000) |
IL, AR | 653 | 14 | 2.1 | Smith (1949) | |
KS | Flint Hills | 670 | 147 | 21.9 | Rivers et al. (2010) |
KS | Douglas County | 73 | 22 | 30.1 | Fleischer (1986) |
KS | Riley County | 29 | 9 | 31.0 | Facemire (1980) |
KS | Riley County | 1 | 1 | 100.0 | Elliott (1978) |
KS, NE, MO | 51 | 3 | 5.9 | Lowther (1977) | |
KS | Ellis County | 228 | 50 | 21.9 | Hill (1976) |
LA | 754 | 12 | 1.6 | Goertz (1977) | |
MB | Delta Marsh | 153b | 3 | 2.0 | Capper et al. (2012) |
MB | Delta Marsh | 37 | 9 | 24.3 | Underwood and Sealy (2008) |
MB | Delta Marsh | 394 | 60 | 15.2 | Woolfenden et al. (2004) |
MB | Delta Marsh | 213 | 42 | 19.7 | Neudorf and Sealy (1994) |
MB | Delta Marsh | 382 | 132 | 34.6 | Weatherhead (1989) |
ND | Richland and Ransom Counties | 55 | 14 | 25.5 | Pietz et al. (2009) |
ND | Statewide | 786 | 339 | 43.1 | Igl and Johnson (2007) |
ND | South central ND | 93 | 40 | 43.0 | Koford et al. (2000) |
ND | Cass County | 258 | 109 | 42.2 | Linz and Bolin (1982) |
ND | Arrowwood National Wildlife Refuge | 17 | 13 | 76.5 | Houston (1973) |
NE | Eastern and south-central NE | 59 | 32 | 54.2 | Hergenrader (1962) |
OK | Marshall County | 73 | 2 | 2.7 | |
OK | Marshall County | 33 | 0 | 0.0 | Wiens (1963) |
OK | Osage and Washington Counties | 205 | 40 | 19.5 | Patten et al. (2006) |
SD | Lincoln County | 53 | 28 | 52.8 | Blankespoor et al. (1982) |
WI | Rock County | 1942 | 291 | 15.0 | Yasukawa et al. (2016) |
WI | Diehls Prairie | 319 | 79 | 24.8 | Clotfelter and Yasukawa (1999) |
Central total | 11,077 | 1888 | 17.0 | ||
East | |||||
MD | Statewide | 1000 | 2 | 0.2 | Robbins and Blom (1996) |
MI | > 1000 | 3 | 0.3 | Walkinshaw (1991) | |
MI | Cheboygan and Emmet Counties | 44 | 0 | 0.0 | Southern and Southern (1980) |
MI | 1300 | 7 | 0.5 | Nickell (1955) | |
MI | Washtenaw County | 99 | 5 | 5.1 | Berger (1951) |
NY | Ithaca | > 100 | 0 | 0.0 | Henger and Hauber (2014) |
NY | New York City | 12 | 1 | 8.3 | Henger and Hauber (2014) |
NY | Dutchess County | 35 | 0 | 0.0 | Hahn and Hatfield (1995) |
ON | Provincewide | 6027 | 163 | 2.4 | Peck and James (1987) |
PA | Berks County | 45 | 0 | 0.0 | Unpublished data from Reading Public Museum |
PA | Berks County | 64b | 1 | 1.6 | This study |
QC | Southern QC | 1000c | 2 | 0.2 | Terrill (1961) |
SC | Charleston County | 72 | 2 | 2.8 | Whitehead et al. (2002) |
East total | 10,686 | 185 | 1.7 | ||