Table 4 A summary of national policies, laws and international conventions of the countries that share the Kangchenjunga Landscape (in chronological order)
Bhutan | India | Nepal | |
|---|---|---|---|
Some national policies | National Forest Policy 1974 | Forest Policy 1952 | New Forest Policy 1978 |
Master plan for forest development 1990 | National conservation Strategy and Policy Statement, India 1992 | National Conservation Strategy 1988 which is later revisited as Nature Conservation National Strategic Framework for Sustainable development (2015–2030) | |
Biodiversity Action plan 1994 | National Forest Policy 1998 | Environment Policy and action Plan 1993 | |
National Environment Strategy (“The Middle Path”) 1998 | National Wildlife Action Plan (2002–2016) | Tenth Plan (2002–2007) | |
Biodiversity Action Plan 2002 | National Action Plan on Climate Change 2008 | Nepal Biodiversity Strategy 2002 | |
Revision of Forest Policy draft 2010 | National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan 2009 | Sustainable Development Agenda for Nepal 2003 | |
Nepal Biodiversity Strategy Implementation Plan 2006 | |||
National Bio-safety framework 2006 | |||
Three-year Interim Plan (2007–2010) | |||
National Agriculture Policy 2004 | |||
Rangeland Policy 2012 | |||
National Wetland Policy 2012 | |||
Vulture Conservation Action Plan (2009–2013) | |||
National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan (2014–2020) | |||
Some national laws | Bhutan Forest Act 1969 | Indian Forest Act 1927 and its successive amendments 1980 | Nepal Legal Code “the muliki ain” 1854 |
Forest and Nature Conservation Act 1995 | Wildlife (Protection) Act 1972 (last amended in 2013) | Nepal Forest Nationalization Act 1957 | |
Environment Assessment Act 2002 | Environment Protection Act 1986 | Nepal Forest Act 1962 its amendments 1968 | |
Forest and Nature Conservation Rules Volumes I & II 2002 | Panchayati Raj (Extension to Scheduled Areas) Act 1996 | Forest Act 1993 | |
National Biodiversity Act 2003 | Biological Diversity Act 2002 | National Parks and Wildlife Conservation Act, Nepal 1972 and amendment 2002 | |
Land Act of Bhutan 2007 | |||
National Environment Protection Act 2007 | |||
International conventions | Ramsar Convention 1971 | Ramsar Convention 1971 | Ramsar convention 1971 |
United Nations Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Flora and Fauna (CITES) 1975 | UNESCO’s Man and Biosphere Programme 1971 | CITES | |
Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) 1992 | CITES 1975 | Bonn convention 1983 | |
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) 1992 | Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals (Bonn Convention) 1983 | CBD 1992 | |
United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD) 1994 | CBD 1992 | UNFCCC 1992 | |
UNFCCC 1992 | UNCCD 1994 | ||
UNCCD 1994 | Kyoto Protocol to the UNFCCC | ||
IBAs | 23 (8 within protected area network) | 465 (279 with in protected areas network and 16 are listed as Ramsar sites) | 27 (13 within protected areas network) |