Effect of water level fluctuations on temporal-spatial patterns of foraging activities by the wintering Hooded Crane (Grus monacha)

Zhang, Dongmei; Zhou, Lizhi; Song, Yunwei

doi:10.1186/s40657-015-0026-x

Avian Research

Table 1 Activity time budgets of Hooded Cranes over five water level stages at Shengjin Lake

From: Effect of water level fluctuations on temporal-spatial patterns of foraging activities by the wintering Hooded Crane (Grus monacha)

Habitat type	Behavior	Activity time budgets at various water level stages (%)					Statistical test
Habitat type	Behavior	a	b	c	d	e	Chi Square value (χ²)	p
Mudflat	Foraging	0.47 ± 0.06	0.59 ± 0.02	0.50 ± 0.05	0.35 ± 0.06	0.29 ± 0.07	17.328	0.002**
	Alert	0.36 ± 0.06	0.23 ± 0.03	0.25 ± 0.03	0.25 ± 0.03	0.34 ± 0.05	7.36	0.118
	Maintenance	0.12 ± 0.03	0.08 ± 0.02	0.16 ± 0.03	0.26 ± 0.04	0.27 ± 0.05	14.273	0.006**
	Social behavior	0.00 ± 0.00	0.01 ± 0.01	0.01 ± 0.01	0.00 ± 0.00	0.00 ± 0.00	5.153	0.272
	Locomotion	0.04 ± 0.01	0.08 ± 0.02	0.06 ± 0.02	0.13 ± 0.03	0.11 ± 0.04	5.407	0.248
	Resting	0.01 ± 0.01	0.00 ± 0.00	0.02 ± 0.01	0.01 ± 0.01	0.00 ± 0.00	5.626	0.229
Meadow	Foraging	0.60 ± 0.09	0.70 ± 0.06	0.74 ± 0.02	0.79 ± 0.04	0.79 ± 0.04	5.508	0.230
	Alert	0.21 ± 0.05	0.15 ± 0.03	0.18 ± 0.02	0.15 ± 0.02	0.16 ± 0.03	2.697	0.610
	Maintenance	0.11 ± 0.05	0.12 ± 0.04	0.05 ± 0.01	0.04 ± 0.02	0.03 ± 0.01	2.731	0.604
	Social behavior	0.00 ± 0.00	0.00 ± 0.00	0.01 ± 0.01	0.00 ± 0.00	0.00 ± 0.00	2.750	0.600
	Locomotion	0.04 ± 0.02	0.03 ± 0.01	0.02 ± 0.01	0.02 ± 0.01	0.02 ± 0.01	2.054	0.726
	Resting	0.04 ± 0.03	0.00 ± 0.00	0.00 ± 0.00	0.00 ± 0.00	0.00 ± 0.00	7.346	0.119
Paddy field	Foraging	0.63 ± 0.06	0.71 ± 0.05	0.79 ± 0.03	0.73 ± 0.04	–	3.391	0.355
	Alert	0.28 ± 0.04	0.22 ± 0.04	0.13 ± 0.02	0.20 ± 0.03	–	6.485	0.090
	Maintenance	0.06 ± 0.03	0.07 ± 0.03	0.06 ± 0.02	0.05 ± 0.01	–	7.670	0.053
	Social behavior	0.03 ± 0.01	0.00 ± 0.00	0.01 ± 0.00	0.00 ± 0.00	–	14.895	0.002**
	Locomotion	0.03 ± 0.01	0.01 ± 0.00	0.01 ± 0.00	0.01 ± 0.00	–	14.837	0.002**
	Resting	0.00 ± 0.00	0.00 ± 0.00	0.00 ± 0.00	0.00 ± 0.00	–	2.303	0.512

Samples: (a) Stable stage: mudflat n = 21; meadow n = 25; paddy field n = 32; (b) Falling stage: mudflat n = 25; meadow n = 26; paddy field n = 35; (c) Drought stage: mudflat n = 22; meadow n = 30; paddy field n = 31; (d) Early recovery stage: mudflat n = 25; meadow n = 26; paddy field n = 22; (e) Late recovery stage: mudflat n = 27; meadow n = 31; paddy field n = 0.
* p < 0.05; ** p < 0.01; *** p < 0.001; n = the sample size.
– denotes that the cranes did not utilize this habitat.

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ISSN: 2053-7166

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