Fig. 1

Autumn and spring migration routes and stopover sites of Swan Geese (Anser cygnoides) marked with GPS/GSM telemetry in three breeding sites. The green lines and red circles show the migration routes and stopover sites of geese in Dauria Region; the yellow lines and orange circles, Central Mongolia; the red lines and green circles, Western Mongolia. The size range of points represents the stopover duration of 2–7 days, 7–14 days and > 14 days, respectively. White inverted triangles represent the breeding sites, white regular triangles represent the wintering sites