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Table 1 Frequencies of Saxaul Sparrow parental actions in the nesting period

From: Male parent birds exert more effort to reproduce in two desert passerines

Parents’ behaviours

Female

Male

95% CI

P

Nesting

3.82  ±  0.498

3.92  ±  0.486

− 1.531–1.331

0.889

Nest inspecting

0.78  ±  0.179

1.08  ±  0.151

− 0.749‒0.149

0.186

Nest tidying

1.48  ±  0.207

2.26  ±  0.180

− 1.288 to − 0.272

0.003

Preening

0.76  ±  0.109

1.84  ±  0.184

− 1.473 to − 0.687

< 0.001

Chirping

0.66  ±  0.127

2.74  ±  0.252

− 2.580 to − 1.580

< 0.001

Expelling

0.02  ±  0.020

0.06  ±  0.034

− 0.120‒0.040

0.322

Warning

3.02  ±  0.247

4.00  ±  0.270

− 1.677 to − 0.283

0.007

  1. P values at significant levels are shown in italics, which applies also to Tables 2, 3, 4