Song divergence indicates an unclear relationship between the Neotropical and Nearctic Horned Larks

Table 1 Differences in Song features

a. Analysis using all retrieved songs (n = 149)
Variable	Statistic result	Neotropical (n = 71)	Nearctic (n = 78)
PCA	F = 261.4; p < 0.001	NA	NA
Number of notes	H (2) = 13.916; p < 0.001	7.75 ± 2.07	10.64 ± 2.59
Number of notes per second	H (2) = 0.8086; p = 0.3685	6.83 ± 2.8	7.30 ± 1.99
Song length	H (2) = 7.1654; p < 0.05	1.23 ± 0.35	1.54 ± 0.48
Time between notes	H (2) = 12.197; p < 0.001	0.62 ± 0.22	1.03 ± 0.53
Highest frequency	H (2) = 16.098; p < 0.001	7310 ± 441.17	6725 ± 448.56
Lowest frequency	H (2) = 28.251; p < 0.001	4230 ± 479.14	3250 ± 288.68

b. Analysis using one song per record (n = 48)
Variable	Statistic result	Neotropical (n = 20)	Nearctic (n = 28)
PCA	F = 38.86; p < 0.001	NA	NA
Number of notes	H (2) = 49.433; p < 0.001	7.93 ± 2.34	11.36 ± 2.59
Number of notes per second	H (2) = 11.868; p < 0.001	6.35 ± 2.18	7.49 ± 1.66
Song length	H (2) = 18.999;. p < 0.001	1.31 ± 0.36	1.57 ± 0.41
Time between notes	H (2) = 52.162; p < 0.001	0.53 ± 0.23	1.00 ± 0.42
Highest frequency	H (2) = 65.335; p < 0.001	7443.66 ± 365.57	6744.60 ± 466.45
Lowest frequency	H (2) = 94.058; p < 0.001	4245.07 ± 332.86	3256.76 ± 326.49

The data are shown as mean ± standard deviation. (a) Difference in the analysis using all retrieved songs. (b) Differences in the analysis using one song per record

ISSN: 2053-7166