Correlates of avifaunal diversity along the elevational gradient of Mardi Himal in Annapurna Conservation Area, Central Nepal

Table 1 Generalized linear model (GLM) with normal distribution and identity link function test showing the effects of different environmental factors on avian richness pattern in Mardi Himal trekking route

Season	Environmental factor	Slope (a)	Intercept (b)	P value
Summer	Area	0.125	8.348	0.001
	Distance to the nearest water source	− 0.004	22.564	0.015
	Distance to the nearest settlement	− 0.007	18.8	0.147
	Mean precipitation	0.041	0.094	< 0.001
	Mean temperature	1.734	− 18.478	0.015
Winter	Area	0.132	8.229	0.003
	Distance to the nearest water source	− 0.003	21	0.109
	Distance to the nearest settlement	− 0.003	17.417	0.57
	Mean precipitation	− 1.676	41.096	< 0.001
	Mean temperature	1.487	2.175	0.018
	NDVI	− 7.727	21.162	0.057
Small-ranged species	Area	0.086	2.63	0.003
	Distance to the nearest water source	− 0.002	12.09	0.024
	Distance to the nearest settlement	− 0.004	9.394	0.274
	Mean precipitation (summer)	0.052	1.164	0.366
	Mean precipitation (winter)	− 0.772	16.15	< 0.001
	Mean temperature (summer)	0.579	− 8.33	0.037
	Mean temperature (winter)	0.64	− 1.45	0.051
	NDVI (winter)	− 3.28	6.78	0.65
Large-ranged species	Area	0.138	8.62	0.005
	Distance to the nearest water source	− 0.003	22.53	0.093
	Distance to the nearest settlement	− 0.004	18.53	0.511
	Mean precipitation (summer)	0.253	− 0.95	0.004
	Mean precipitation (winter)	− 0.95	22.44	< 0.001
	Mean temperature (summer)	0.92	− 9.67	0.073
	Mean temperature (winter)	0.706	1.58	0.039
	NDVI (winter)	− 4.51	11.14	0.55

ISSN: 2053-7166