Are diurnal time-budgets and activity patterns density-dependent in the Shelduck (Tadorna tadorna) wintering in Algeria? An analysis across multiple temporal scales

Table 2 Nested ANOVAs testing the variation of diurnal activities of the Shelduck wintering in Sabkha Djendli in northeastern Algeria across a range of temporal scales

Time variations	df	Feeding			Sleeping			Preening			Swimming
Time variations	df	MS	F	p	MS	F	p	MS	F	p	MS	F	p
Year (YY)	1	7757	87.6	< 0.001	196.8	27.9	< 0.001	702.0	215.5	< 0.001	21.5	10.4	0.002
Season (SS)	1	4786	54.1	< 0.001	707.4	100.3	< 0.001	9.0	2.8	0.100	6.4	3.1	0.081
Month (MM)	3	929	10.5	< 0.001	117.0	16.6	< 0.001	208.5	64.0	< 0.001	113.8	55.0	< 0.001
Day (DD)	2	57	0.6	0.527	95.0	13.5	< 0.001	14.8	4.6	0.013	30.1	14.5	< 0.001
Semi-hour (SH)	13	1353	15.3	< 0.001	42.2	6.0	< 0.001	79.9	24.5	< 0.001	20.3	9.8	< 0.001
YY × SS	1	964	10.9	0.001	104.2	14.8	< 0.001	29.5	9.1	0.003	107.1	51.7	< 0.001
MM × DD	5	570	6.4	< 0.001	121.6	17.2	< 0.001	12.9	3.9	0.003	112.7	54.4	< 0.001
YY × SS × MM	2	933	10.5	< 0.001	68.9	9.8	< 0.001	9.2	2.8	0.064	51.6	24.9	< 0.001
MM × DD × SH	143	123	1.4	0.038	12.6	1.8	< 0.001	6.7	2.1	< 0.001	3.6	1.8	0.001
Residuals	108	89			7.1			3.3			2.1

Time variations	df	Loafing			Courtship			Antagonism			Flying
Time variations	df	MS	F	p	MS	F	p	MS	F	p	MS	F	p
Year (YY)	1	70.9	77.2	< 0.001	0.0	0.0	0.999	1.3	2.3	0.133	42.4	48.1	< 0.001
Season (SS)	1	5.5	6.0	0.016	15.1	53.5	< 0.001	0.0	0.0	0.914	58.5	66.3	< 0.001
Month (MM)	3	45.2	49.3	< 0.001	3.8	13.4	< 0.001	1.3	2.3	0.079	14.0	15.8	< 0.001
Day (DD)	2	12.3	13.4	< 0.001	0.1	0.3	0.751	0.0	0.0	0.959	4.7	5.3	0.006
Semi-hour (SH)	13	14.8	16.1	< 0.001	3.6	12.6	< 0.001	6.5	11.3	< 0.001	6.4	7.3	< 0.001
YY × SS	1	2.6	2.8	0.095	0.5	1.8	0.184	0.3	0.6	0.442	6.0	6.8	0.011
MM × DD	5	2.3	2.5	0.032	1.2	4.2	0.001	1.3	2.3	0.051	4.0	4.5	< 0.001
YY × SS × MM	2	4.6	5.0	0.009	1.6	5.6	0.005	0.8	1.3	0.268	0.4	0.4	0.655
MM × DD × SH	143	3.7	4.0	< 0.001	0.9	3.1	< 0.001	1.3	2.2	< 0.001	4.7	5.3	< 0.001
Residuals	108	0.9			0.3			0.6			0.9

ISSN: 2053-7166