Table 1 Univariate statistics for external measurements (mm) of skin specimens of Brachypteryx montana cruralis, B. m. sinensis, and B. m. goodfellowi

16.1 ± 0.4**

(15.0–16.7, 13)

15.2 ± 0.7

(14.2–17.0, 20)

16.3 ± 0.5

(15.7–16.7, 3)

16.0 ± 0.8 ns

(14.4–17.6, 22)

15.5 ± 0.8

(14.0–17.0, 18)

16.4 ± 0.5

(16.0–16.9, 3)

11.8 ± 0.7**

(11.0–12.0, 13)

10.7 ± 0.4

(10.0–11.4, 20)

11.2 ± 0.3

(11.0–11.5, 3)

11.7 ± 0.7*

(10.5–12.9, 23)

10.9 ± 0.7

(10.1–13.0, 18)

11.5 ± 0.5

(11.4–11.6, 3)

2.9 ± 0.2 ns

(2.6–3.3, 13)

2.8 ± 0.3

(2.2–3.3, 22)

3.0 ± 0.2

(2.7–3.1, 3)

2.9 ± 0.2 ns

(2.6–3.4, 24)

3.0 ± 0.2

(2.7–3.5, 18)

3.2 ± 0.2

(3.0–3.3, 3)

3.5 ± 0.2***

(3.3–3.8, 11)

3.1 ± 0.3

(2.6–3.8, 19)

3.2 ± 0.2

(3.0–3.3, 3)

3.4 ± 0.1 ns

(3.2–3.6, 22)

3.3 ± 0.2

(3.1–3.6, 14)

3.4 ± 0.2

(3.2–3.5, 3)

66.7 ± 2.2 ns

(63.0–72.0, 13)

65.3 ± 1.6

(62.0–68.0, 22)

65.8 ± 1.8

(64.0–67.5, 3)

64.3 ± 2.0 ns

(61.0–69.0, 27)

63.4 ± 2.3

(59.0–66.5, 21)

65.3 ± 4.7

(60.0–69.0, 3)

57.3 ± 2.9***

(53.0–62.0, 9)

63.3 ± 3.1

(58.0–67.0, 22)

60.3 ± 2.5

(58.0–63.0, 3)

55.7 ± 2.4***

(52.0–61.0, 15)

61.2 ± 2.8

(55.0–65.0, 21)

57.0 ± 4.4

(52.0–60.0, 3)

9.4 ± 1.3 ns

(6.0–11.0, 13)

8.3 ± 2.0

(5.0–12.0, 22)

5.7 ± 0.6

(5.0–6.0, 3)

8.3 ± 1.1 ns

(6.0–11.0, 27)

7.3 ± 1.9

(4.0–11.0, 21)

8.3 ± 0.6

(8.0–9.0, 3)

22.7 ± 1.1**

(21.0–25.0, 13)

20.7 ± 1.5

(18.0–23.0, 22)

22.2 ± 1.3

(21.0–23.5, 3)

21.8 ± 1.7***

(19.0–25.0, 27)

19.9 ± 1.4

(24.0–30.0, 21)

21.0 ± 1.0

(20.0–22.0, 3)

27.4 ± 1.8 ns

(24.0–29.0, 13)

28.3 ± 1.6

(25.0–32.0, 22)

26.3 ± 1.2

(25.0–27.0, 3)

25.8 ± 2.1 ns

(23.0–30.3, 26)

2.75 ± 1.8

(24.0–30.0, 21)

27.0 ± 2.0

(25.0–29.0, 3)

11.9 ± 1.4 ns

(9.0–14.0, 13)

12.1 ± 1.2

(10.0–14.0, 20)

12.7 ± 0.6

(12.0–13.0, 3)

11.5 ± 1.5 ns

(9.0–15.0, 26)

11.4 ± 0.7

(10.0–13.0, 21)

13.0 ± 1.7

(12.0–15.0, 3)

4.6 ± 0.9 ns

(3.0–6.0, 13)

4.2 ± 0.8

(3.0–6.0, 22)

5.0 ± 1.0

(4.0–6.0, 3)

4.4 ± 1.1 ns

(3.0–6.0, 26)

3.7 ± 0.6

(3.0–5.0, 21)

5.0 ± 1.0

(4.0–6.0, 3)

1.4 ± 0.7 ns

(0.0–2.0, 13)

1.3 ± 0.4

(1.0–2.0, 22)

1.7 ± 0.6

(1.0–2.0, 3)

1.1 ± 0.7 ns

(0.0–3.0, 26)

0.9 ± 0.5

(0.0–2.0, 19)

1.5 ± 0.9

(0.5–2.0, 3)

0.0 ± 0.0 ns

(0.0–0.0, 13)

0.02 ± 0.1

(0.0–0.5, 22)

0.0 ± 0.0

(0.0–0.0, 3)

0.0 ± 0.0 ns

(0.0–0.0, 26)

0.0 ± 0.0

(0.0–0.0, 19)

0.2 ± 0.3

(0.0–0.5, 3)

43.7 ± 4.6**

(34.3–49.2, 13)

48.8 ± 2.2

(45.7–52.3, 22)

47.9 ± 0.7

(47.4–48.7, 3)

42.3 ± 2.3***

(37.7–46.7, 27)

46.5 ± 1.8

(43.3–50.2, 21)

46.8 ± 2.5

(44.4–49.4, 3)

5.8 ± 1.5 ns

(3.0–8.0, 12)

4.0 ± 1.6

(0.0–6.0, 20)

7.0 ± 1.0

(6.0–8.0, 3)

5.5 ± 1.6*

(3.0–9.0, 26)

4.1 ± 1.3

(2.0–7.0, 20)

8.0 ± 1.0

(7.0–9.0, 3)

18.9 ± 3.2***

(13.0–24.0, 13)

25.2 ± 1.9

(22.0–29.0, 22)

23.7 ± 0.6

(23.0–24.0, 3)

18.6 ± 2.3***

(15.0–24.0, 27)

22.3 ± 1.8

(18.0–26.0, 21)

22.7 ± 2.1

(21.0–25.0, 3)

31.5 ± 1.3***

(29.3–34.7, 12)

27.7 ± 0.8

(26.3–29.2, 22)

30.2 ± 1.6

(28.3–31.2, 3)

30.9 ± 1.1***

(28.4–32.9, 27)

27.5 ± 0.9

(25.8–29.3, 21)

31.6 ± 2.4

(29.8–34.3, 3)

3.1 ± 0.1***

(2.9–3.3, 13)

2.8 ± 0.8

(2.1–3.0, 22)

2.9 ± 0.1

(2.8–3.0, 3)

3.1 ± 0.1***

(2.8–3.5, 27)

2.9 ± 0.1

(2.7–3.1, 13)

3.0 ± 0.1

(2.9–3.1, 3)

7.9 ± 0.5***

(6.3–8.5, 13)

7.0 ± 0.4

(6.3–7.7, 22)

7.1 ± 0.2

(6.8–7.3, 3)

7.5 ± 0.4***

(6.7–8.3, 26)

6.8 ± 0.4

(6.1–7.7, 21)

7.3 ± 0.2

(7.1–7.5, 3)