Fig. 4

Mean territory density (territories/ha) and standard error of seven early-successional species’ (AMGO—American Goldfinch, CARW—Carolina Wren, EATO—Eastern Towhee, INBU—Indigo Bunting, PRAW—Prairie Warbler, WEVI—White-eyed Vireo, YBCH—Yellow-breasted Chat) to six different silviculture treatments (0% retention, 25% retention, 50% retention, 75% retention, 100% retention, 2010 control) in an upland hardwood forest over 13 years. Solid black vertical line indicates when stage two harvest occurred (2010)