Response of tropical avifauna to visitor recreational disturbances: a case study from the Sinharaja World Heritage Forest, Sri Lanka

Alwis, Nilusha S.; Perera, Priyan; Dayawansa, Nihal P.

doi:10.1186/s40657-016-0050-5

Avian Research

Table 5 One-way ANOVAs for the dependence of individual species abundance on the intensity of recreational disturbances at three distances from the trail

From: Response of tropical avifauna to visitor recreational disturbances: a case study from the Sinharaja World Heritage Forest, Sri Lanka

Species	Distance from trail (m)	Mean number of birds				One-way ANOVA		Pearson’s correlation
Species	Distance from trail (m)	NRD	LRD	MRD	HRD	F	p	r	p
Ashy-headed Laughing-thrush	0	4.63^a	1.37^b	0.08^c	0.00^c	3.330	0.022*	−0.277	0.004*
Garrulax cinereifrons	75	1.37	0.64	0.82	0.95	0.652	0.524	0.032	0.768
	150	0.92	0.82	0.68	0.64	0.108	0.955	0.057	0.572
Black-naped Monarch	0	0.55	0.36	0.50	0.27	1.074	0.364	−0.133	0.176
Hypothymis azurea	75	0.09^a	0.30	0.67^b	0.56^b	7.250	0.000*	0.477	0.000*
	150	0.15	0.36	0.29	0.00	1.477	0.226	0.087	0.399
Brown-breasted Flycatcher	0	0.56^a	0.28	0.08^b	0.00^b	6.120	0.001*	−0.390	0.000*
Muscicapa muttui	75	0.24	0.38	0.36	0.25	1.022	0.387	0.068	0.510
	150	0.47	0.69	0.71	0.77	0.547	0.651	0.121	0.238
Brown-headed Barbet	0	0.56	0.36	0.18	0.54	1.210	0.311	−0.092	0.346
Psilopogon zeylanicus	75	0.32	0.54	0.50	0.67	0.858	0.466	0.104	0.105
	150	0.43	0.48	0.64	0.72	1.374	0.255	0.184	0.065
Greater Flameback	0	0.78^a	0.55	0.36	0.17^b	2.890	0.039*	−0.280	0.004*
Chrysocolaptes guttacristatus	75	0.24	0.41	0.28	0.20	0.872	0.460	0.041	0.690
	150	0.28	0.52	0.33	0.78	1.933	0.129	0.182	0.068
Dark-fronted Babbler	0	2.63^a	1.96^a	0.41^b	0.17^b	5.045	0.003*	−0.352	0.000*
Rhopocichla atriceps	75	0.21	0.36	0.73	0.63	2.011	0.117	0.231	0.023*
	150	0.38	0.41	0.41	0.36	0.009	0.999	−0.001	0.993
Layard’s Parakeet	0	0.47	0.82	0.93	0.45	1.579	0.199	0.087	0.379
Psittacula calthrapae	75	0.49	0.68	0.73	0.77	0.403	0.751	0.105	0.304
	150	0.63	0.79	0.82	0.89	0.301	0.825	0.092	0.367
Malabar Trogon	0	0.96^a	0.76	0.36	0.23^b	4.057	0.009*	−0.322	0.001*
Harpactes fasciatus	75	0.21^a	0.38	0.38	0.89^b	2.883	0.040*	0.254	0.011*
	150	0.28	0.46	0.37	0.33	0.502	0.682	0.052	0.613
Orange-billed Babbler	0	7.39^a	6.75^a	1.63^b	0.73^b	2.776	0.045*	−0.254	0.008*
Turdoides rufescens	75	1.69	1.46	2.51	2.71	0.341	0.795	0.079	0.444
	150	1.88	1.32	1.94	1.44	0.131	0.941	−0.031	0.765
Red-faced Malkoha	0	0.45	0.26	0.27	0.09	2.333	0.078	−0.237	0.013*
Phaenicophaeus pyrrhocephalus	75	0.13	0.14	0.13	0.28	0.406	0.749	0.081	0.432
	150	0.16	0.22	0.31	0.25	0.553	0.648	0.111	0.271
Scarlet Minivet	0	1.35	0.93	0.51	0.45	1.492	0.221	−0.201	0.041*
Pericrocotus flammeus	75	0.52	0.36	0.71	0.33	0.256	0.857	0.008	0.938
	150	0.54	0.79	0.28	0.61	0.498	0.685	−0.015	0.881
Spot-Winged Thrush	0	1.47^a	0.32^b	0.08^b	0.07^b	7.252	0.000*	−0.379	0.000*
Zoothera spiloptera	75	0.21	0.41	0.64	0.71	1.252	0.285	0.188	0.059
	150	0.23	0.43	0.51	0.45	0.491	0.659	0.108	0.292
Sri Lanka Blue Magpie	0	0.49^a	1.71^b	1.64^b	0.29^a	9.254	0.000*	0.142	0.143
Urocissa ornata	75	0.10	0.21	0.14	0.00	0.844	0.473	0.044	0.673
	150	0.17	0.43	0.14	0.67	1.864	0.142	0.153	0.129
Sri Lanka Crested Drongo	0	0.84	0.55	0.92	0,17	1.926	0.130	−0.159	0.099
Dicrurus lophorhinus	75	0.12	0.32	0.21	0.67	1.567	0.203	0.169	0.097
	150	0.22	0.46	0.44	0.67	1.087	0.358	0.169	0.091
Sri Lanka Jungle fowl	0	1.01	1.56	1.23	0.56	1.796	0.153	−0.031	0.749
Gallus lafayetti	75	0.13	0.14	0.21	0.33	0.364	0.779	0.094	0.361
	150	0.12	0.10	0.07	0.00	0.153	0.928	−0.070	0.521
Sri Lanka Myna	0	0.57	0.54	0.58	0.31	0.341	0.795	−0.073	0.461
Gracula ptilogenys	75	0.31	0.28	0.25	0.21	0.109	0.955	−0.059	0.569
	150	0.29	0.23	0.07	0.22	0.651	0.584	−0.105	0.305
Sri Lanka Scimitar Babbler	0	1.51^a	0.59^b	0.17^b	0.00^b	6.802	0.000*	−0.393	0.000*
Pomatorhinus melanurus	75	0.33^a	0.91^b	1.14^b	1.17^b	4.123	0.009	0.314	0.002*
	150	0.25	0.36	0.61	0.35	0.672	0.571	0.089	0.376
Tickell’s Blue Flycatcher	0	0.64	0.59	0.38	0.19	1.978	0.122	−0.229	0.021*
Cyornis tickelliae	75	0.55	0.43	0.59	0.61	0.274	0.844	0.033	0.748
	150	0.42	0.52	0.51	0.9	1.555	0.205	0.187	0.062
Yellow-browed Bulbul	0	2.02^a	1.78^a	1.36	0.73^b	2.752	0.047*	−0.272	0.006*
Iole indica	75	0.82	1.16	0.96	1.14	0.267	0.849	0.057	0.565
	150	0.85	0.74	0.93	0.90	0.087	0.967	0.001	0.990

Items with different superscripts (lowercase letters) indicate significant difference of means according to Games-Howell post hoc tests. Items without superscripts do not significantly differ from those with superscripts
* Statistical significance at α = 0.05 level

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ISSN: 2053-7166

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