Table 1 Univariate statistics for measurements and plumage scoring of taxa of the Z. mollissima–Z. dixoni complex
| Alpine Thrush Z. m. whiteheadi | Alpine Thrush Z. m. mollissima s.s. | “Yunnan Thrush” | Long-tailed Thrush Z. dixoni | Sichuan Forest Thrush Z. griseiceps | Himalayan Forest Thrush Z. salimalii sp. nov. | Blyth’s type of mollissima | whiteheadi versus mollissima | All Z. mollissima s.l. versus dixoni | Alpine versus griseiceps | Alpine versus Himalayan Forest | dixoni versus griseiceps | dixoni versus Himalayan Forest | griseiceps versus Himalayan Forest | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Culmen l from skull |
27.50 ± 1.22 (25.3–30.4, 21) |
27.49 ± 1.00 (23.8–30.4, 93) |
28.57 ± 0.23 (28.3–28.7, 3) |
27.10 ± 1.24 (23.4–29.5, 33) |
30.46 ± 0.59 (29.8–31.6, 8) |
29.54 ± 1.44 (25.8–33.8, 53) | *** | *** | *** | *** | ||||
| Culmen l from gape |
29.54 ± 1.73 (26.6–34.4, 21) |
29.71 ± 1.42 (24.7–33.0, 86) |
31.67 ± 0.64 (31.3–32.4, 3) |
29.70 ± 1.49 (26.2–32.8, 33) |
33.81 ± 0.79 (32.9–35.1, 7) |
31.61 ± 1.67 (27.8–36.0, 52) | 28.6 | *** | *** | *** | *** | * | ||
| Bill w from distal nares |
5.25 ± 0.36 (4.6–5.7, 16) |
5.47 ± 0.36 (4.7–6.2, 86) |
5.77 ± 0.25 (5.5–6.0, 3) |
5.34 ± 0.31 (4.6–5.9, 36) |
6.12 ± 0.38 (5.5–6.6, 6) |
5.96 ± 0.34 (5.2–6.8, 45) | *** | *** | *** | *** | ||||
| Bill d from distal nares |
5.73 ± 0.31 (5.2–5.2, 16) |
5.79 ± 0.31 (4.9–6.6, 84) |
6.30 ± 0.35 (5.9–6.5, 3) |
5.59 ± 0.29 (5.1–6.2, 36) |
7.21 ± 0.18 (7.0–7.5, 7) |
6.46 ± 0.36 (5.5–7.1, 42) | *** | *** | *** | *** | *** | |||
| Culmen ridge w |
1.52 ± 0.15 (1.3–1.7, 15) |
1.55 ± 0.16 (1.1–2.0, 84) |
1.63 ± 0.15 (1.5–1.8, 3) |
1.40 ± 0.12 (1.2–1.8, 36) |
1.78 ± 0.31 (1.3–2.2, 6) |
1.43 ± 0.11 (1.2–1.7, 43) | *** | ** | *** | *** | ||||
| Bill hook l |
2.36 ± 0.39 (1.7–3.2, 21) |
2.29 ± 0.30 (1.5–3.0, 81) |
2.37 ± 0.23 (2.1–2.5, 3) |
2.02 ± 0.29 (1.3–2.6, 32) |
2.60 ± 0.25 (2.2–2.9, 6) |
2.58 ± 0.49 (1.3–4.2, 50) | ** | ** | ** | *** | ||||
| Skull w |
20.01 ± 0.62 (19.1–21.0, 7) |
20.07 ± 0.95 (16.7–22.9, 70) |
21.00 ± 0.07 (20.9–21.0, 2) |
20.40 ± 1.5 (17.0–22.2, 12) |
21.80 ± 0.70 (20.8–22.5, 6) |
19.82 ± 0.83 (18.4–22.3, 40) | *** | *** | ||||||
| Rictal bristle l |
10.07 ± 1.16 (7.1–12.7, 16) |
10.68 ± 1.13 (7.7–13.8, 80) |
10.63 ± 0.85 (9.8–11.5, 3) |
10.81 ± 1.24 (7.5–13.6, 35) |
11.62 ± 1.19 (9.9–12.9, 6) |
12.33 ± 1.67 (8.9–15.4, 44) | *** | *** | ||||||
| Wing l flat and stretched |
142.82 ± 3.46 (137.0–150.5, 25) |
141.96 ± 4.46 (129.0–154.0, 94) |
152.67 ± 2.52 (150.0–155.0, 3) |
138.86 ± 3.77 (133.0–148.0, 38) |
142.18 ± 3.72 (138.0–148.5, 8) |
136.61 ± 3.80 (127.0–143.0, 51) | 136.5 | ** | *** | * | ||||
| Wingtip l |
44.18 ± 3.14 (35.0–49.0, 25) |
44.73 ± 3.25 (33.0–53.0, 98) |
45.33 ± 0.58 (45.0–46.0, 3) |
43.19 ± 2.82 (39.0–54.0, 37) |
38.83 ± 2.86 (34.0–42.0, 6) |
41.24 ± 3.45 (26.0–46.0, 51) | *** | *** | ||||||
| Primary 1 (P1) shortfall |
83.91 ± 2.87 (77.0–87.0, 16) |
82.30 ± 4.52 (71.0–90.0, 87) |
87.33 ± 0.58 (87.0–88.0, 3) |
78.17 ± 2.85 (73.0–86.0, 38) |
76.29 ± 3.77 (71.0–81.0, 7) |
77.57 ± 4.32 (67.0–84.0, 45) | *** | * | *** | |||||
| P2 shortfall |
10.34 ± 1.98 (7.0–13.0, 16) |
10.00 ± 1.85 (6.4–15.0, 86) |
10.17 ± 1.04 (9.0–11.0, 3) |
12.50 ± 1.85 (9.0–16.0, 38) |
14.14 ± 2.56 (9.1–17.0, 8) | 10.85 ± 2.096.7–15.2, 45) | 9.5 | *** | *** | * | * | |||
| P3 shortfall |
0.44 ± 0.57 (0–1.5, 16) |
0.44 ± 0.63 (0–2.0, 87) |
0.83 ± 0.29 (0.5–1.0, 3) |
1.35 ± 0.86 (0–3.3, 38) |
1.75 ± 1.07 (0.5–4.0, 8) |
0.91 ± 0.75 (0–2.5, 44) | 0 | *** | *** | ** | ||||
| P4 shortfall |
0.27 ± 0.56 (0–2.0, 15) |
0.16 ± 0.40 (0–2.0, 84) |
0.00 ± 0.00 (3) |
0.03 ± 0.16 (0–1.0, 38) |
0.06 ± 0.18 (0–0.5, 8) |
0.14 ± 0.41 (0–2.0, 45) | 0 | |||||||
| P5 shortfall |
3.36 ± 1.72 (1.0–8.0, 14) |
3.64 ± 1.23 (1.0–8.0, 81) |
3.67 ± 0.58 (3.0–4.0, 3) |
2.97 ± 0.81 (1.0–4.5, 38) |
1.50 ± 0.80 (0–2.5, 8) |
2.33 ± 1.13 (0–5.0, 45) | *** | *** | ** | |||||
| P6 shortfall |
14.00 ± 1.7 (12.0–18.5, 15) |
14.34 ± 1.72 (11.0–19.5, 81) |
15.00 ± 1.00 (14.0–16.0, 3) |
14.03 ± 1.5 (11.0–17.5, 36) |
10.09 ± 1.67 (8.0–13.1, 7) |
14.92 ± 2.04 (10.0–20.0, 45) | *** | *** | *** | |||||
| P7 shortfall |
25.29 ± 2.20 (22.0–30.0, 14) |
24.96 ± 2.09 (20.2–30.0, 80) |
26.33 ± 0.58 (26.0–27.0, 3) |
24.01 ± 1.44 (21.0–27.0, 36) |
19.9 ± 2.57 (16.0–23.8, 7) |
24.07 ± 2.44 (18.0–31.2, 45) | * | *** | *** | ** | ||||
| P8 shortfall |
31.50 ± 3.72 (24.0–39.0, 15) |
31.04 ± 2.37 (24.0–37.0, 81) |
32.67 ± 0.58 (32.0–33.0, 3) |
30.11 ± 1.21 (28.0–32.5, 36) |
25.84 ± 2.96 (21.0–30.4, 7) |
29.15 ± 2.36 (22.0–34.0, 45) | *** | *** | *** | |||||
| P9 shortfall |
37.13 ± 2.77 (33.0–42.0, 15) |
36.41 ± 2.84 (32.0–49.0, 81) |
38.00 ± 1.00 (37.0–39.0, 3) |
35.25 ± 1.27 (32.0–37.0, 36) |
30.29 ± 2.14 (28.0–34.0, 7) |
33.48 ± 2.15 (26.0–38.0, 44) | * | *** | *** | *** | ** | * | ||
| P10 shortfall |
42.36 ± 3.67 (37.0–48.0, 14) |
40.91 ± 2.55 (36.0–48.0, 78) |
43.33 ± 1.16 (42.0–44.0, 3) |
39.88 ± 1.54 (37.0–43.0, 36) |
34.93 ± 1.88 (33.0–37.5, 7) |
37.24 ± 2.54 (30.0–42.0, 43) | * | *** | *** | *** | *** | |||
| P3 emargination l |
52.53 ± 3.20 (47.0–59.0, 16) |
50.57 ± 2.90 (45.0–59.0, 81) |
55.00 ± 1.00 (54.0–56.0, 3) |
50.24 ± 2.49 (45.0–55.0, 37) |
47.67 ± 3.08 (45.0–52.0, 6) |
48.15 ± 2.71 (43.0–54.0, 43) | ** | *** | * | |||||
| P4 emargination l |
42.44 ± 2.07 (38.0–46.0, 16) |
41.50 ± 2.37 (37.0–50.0, 81) |
46.33 ± 2.08 (44.0–48.0, 3) |
39.65 ± 2.15 (35.0–44.0, 37) |
38.17 ± 1.17 (37.0–40.0, 6) |
39.40 ± 2.71 (36.0–47.0, 43) | * | *** | ||||||
| P5 emargination l |
33.87 ± 1.93 (37.0–43.0, 16) |
33.55 ± 2.56 (28.3–41, 80) |
36.33 ± 2.52 (34.0–39.0, 3) |
31.03 ± 3.03 (25.0–39.0, 36) |
31.00 ± 2.19 (29.0–35.0, 6) |
31.18 ± 2.40 (24.0–37.0, 43) | *** | |||||||
| P2 notch l |
38.88 ± 1.93 (37.0–43.0, 16) |
38.99 ± 2.86 (29.0–51.0, 78) |
40.00 ± 2.65 (37.0–42.0, 3) |
35.97 ± 2.73 (26.0–41.0, 37) |
35.00 ± 2.19 (32.0–38.0, 6) |
35.40 ± 2.60 (30.0–42.0, 37) | ** | *** | ||||||
| P3 notch l |
37.73 ± 2.22 (34.0–4.01, 15) |
36.77 ± 2.51 (29.0–42.0, 75) |
41.00 ± 1.00 (40.0–42.0, 3) |
34.13 ± 2.08 (30.0–38.0, 32) |
33.67 ± 1.51 (32.0–35.0, 6) |
33.71 ± 2.16 (29.0–38.0, 35) | *** | *** | ||||||
| Tail l |
103.94 ± 4.90 (92.0–113.0, 24) |
103.25 ± 4.54 (92.0–114.0, 99) |
114.0 ± 1.73 (113.0–116.0, 3) |
114.61 ± 5.20 (104.0–126.0, 36) |
111.75 ± 4.03 (106.0–116.0, 8) |
94.49 ± 4.93 (81.7–106.0, 51) | 101.6 | *** | *** | *** | *** | *** | ||
| Undertail coverts to tail tip |
35.76 ± 3.14 (31.0–42.0, 14) |
36.19 ± 5.16 (28.0–58.0, 80) |
37.00 ± 2.65 (35.0–40.0, 3) |
45.13 ± 4.68 (33.0–58.2, 36) |
43.67 ± 6.09 (40.0–56.0, 6) |
34.33 ± 5.07 (25.8–47.0, 43) | *** | * | *** | ** | ||||
| Uppertail coverts to tail tip |
42.03 ± 7.63 (28.0–56.0, 13) |
40.73 ± 5.66 (31.0–60.0, 82) |
41.00 ± 2.83 (39.0–43.0, 2) |
57.97 ± 5.33 (51.0–71.5, 30) |
52.33 ± 4.55 (49.0–61.0, 6) |
43.75 ± 4.68 (35.0–54.0, 42) | *** | *** | *** | ** | ||||
| Tail graduation |
2.37 ± 2.10 (0–7.0, 15) |
2.71 ± 1.62 (0–7.0, 80) |
2.33 ± 1.53 (1.0–4.0, 3) |
5.00 ± 2.02 (1.8–11.0, 32) |
5.17 ± 0.75 (4.0–6.0, 6) |
3.43 ± 1.52 (1.0–6.1, 40) | *** | * | * | |||||
| Maximum w of inner rectrix |
17.69 ± 1.61 (15.0–20.0, 13) |
17.10 ± 1.41 (13.0–22.0, 79) |
17.3 ± 0.58 (17.0–18.0, 3) |
17.73 ± 1.29 (15.0–21.0,33) |
19.33 ± 1.51 (17.0–21.0, 6) |
17.41 ± 1.26 (15.0–20.0, 40) | * | |||||||
| Maximum l of white on outer rectrix |
11.54 ± 4.71 (3.0–21.0, 17) |
12.54 ± 5.88 (2.0–33.0, 81) |
15.00 ± 5.00 (10.0–20.0.5, 3) |
25.49 ± 6.95 (16.0–52.0, 33) |
12.33 ± 3.50 (8.0–18.0, 6) |
14.81 ± 4.53 (8.0–28.0, 43) | *** | ** | *** | |||||
| Minimum l of white on outer rectrix |
3.28 ± 0.87 (2.0–6.0, 17) |
3.55 ± 1.03 (1.0–7.0, 81) |
3.00 ± 1.00 (2.0–4.0, 3) |
12.00 ± 3.76 (4.0–20.0, 32) |
3.83 ± 2.56 (1.0–7.0, 6) |
4.14 ± 2.29 (2.0–13.0, 41) | *** | ** | *** | |||||
| Tarsus l |
37.16 ± 1.10 (35.4–39.1, 25) |
36.91 ± 1.20 (33.8–39.9, 99) |
37.67 ± 1.23 (36.3–38.7, 3) |
37.70 ± 0.90 (35.6–39.7, 38) |
41.31 ± 1.60 (39.3–43.5, 8) |
34.00 ± 1.37 (31.2–38.1, 53) | 34.9 | *** | *** | *** | *** | *** | ||
| Hindclaw l |
10.33 ± 0.64 (8.8–11.2, 19) |
10.30 ± 0.51 (9.2–11.3, 84) |
10.6 ± 0.00 (3) |
9.56 ± 0.53 (8.4–10.6, 38) |
10.51 ± 0.53 (9.7–11.2, 8) |
10.19 ± 0.59 (8.9–11.6, 46) | *** | ** | *** | |||||
| Bill l/wing l ratio |
0.19 ± 0.01 (0.2–0.2, 22) |
0.19 ± 0.01 (0.1–0.2, 80) |
0.19 ± 0.01 (0.2–0.2, 3) |
0.20 ± 0.01 (0.2–0.2, 32) |
0.21 ± 0.01 (0.2–0.2, 8) |
0.22 ± 0.01 (0.2–0.2, 48) | *** | *** | *** | *** | ||||
| Wing l/tail l ratio |
1.38 ± 0.05 (1.3–1.5, 24) |
1.38 ± 0.05 (1.3–1.6, 92) |
1.34 ± 0.04 (1.3–1.4, 3) |
1.22 ± 0.05 (1.1–1.3, 37) |
1.27 ± 0.03 (1.2–1.3, 8) |
1.44 ± 0.07 (1.3–1.6, 46) | *** | *** | *** | *** | *** | |||
| Bill l/tarsus l ratio |
0.74 ± 0.04 (0.7–0.8, 22) |
0.74 ± 0.03 (0.7–0.8, 87) |
0.76 ± 0.03 (0.7–0.8, 3) |
0.72 ± 0.03 (0.6–0.8, 32) |
0.74 ± 0.04 (0.7–0.8, 8) |
0.87 ± 0.06 (0.7–1.0, 50) | * | *** | *** | *** | ||||
| Bill l/culmen ridge w ratio |
18.09 ± 1.75 (15.9–21.5, 13) |
17.56 ± 1.47 (14.4–19.8, 58) |
19.37 ± 1.84 (15.1–24.6, 31) |
18.36 ± 2.86 (15.9–23.1, 5) |
21.07 ± 1.96 (16.2–26.0, 37) | ** | *** | ** | ||||||
| Bill l/bill d ratio |
4.78 ± 0.29 (4.4–5.5, 13) |
4.74 ± 0.22 (4.2–5.3, 67) |
4.54 ± 0.22 (4.4–4.8, 3) |
4.86 ± 0.30 (4.2–5.44, 31) |
4.23 ± 0.10 (4.0–4.3, 7) |
4.59 ± 0.21 (4.1–4.9, 38) | *** | * | *** | ** | ** | |||
| Tarsus l/hallux l ratio |
3.62 ± 0.23 (3.3–4.0, 19) |
3.60 ± 0.18 (3.3–4.1, 53) |
3.55 ± 0.12 (3.4–3.6, 3) |
3.95 ± 0.21 (3.6–4.5, 38) |
3.95 ± 0.22 (3.7–4.3, 7) |
3.32 ± 0.23 (2.8–3.9, 41) | *** | ** | *** | *** | *** | |||
| Wing l/tarsus l ratio |
3.85 ± 0.14 (3.6–4.2, 25) |
3.84 ± 0.13 (3.6–4.1, 91) |
4.05 ± 0.09 (4.0–4.1, 3) |
3.69 ± 0.12 (3.5–3.9, 38) |
3.44 ± 0.09 (3.3–3.6, 8) |
4.03 ± 0.20 (3.7–4.4, 48) | *** | *** | *** | *** | *** | *** | ||
| Mandible color (1 = all fleshy–10 = all black) |
5.77 ± 1.69 (3–8, 13) |
6.85 ± 1.15 (3–9, 61) |
8.67 ± 0.58 (8–9, 3) |
6.10 ± 0.87 (4–8, 31) |
7.25 ± 1.03 (5–8, 8) |
8.14 ± 1.10 (5–10, 42) | * | * | *** | ** | *** | * | ||
| Crown color (1 = medium brown–10 = very dark brown) |
2.71 ± 1.21 (1–5, 17) |
5.10 ± 1.58 (2–8, 60) |
8.00 ± 1.73 (6–9, 3) |
5.50 ± 1.01 (3–7, 30) |
8.13 ± 1.13 (6–9, 8) |
7.48 ± 0.97 (5–9, 42) | *** | *** | *** | *** | *** | |||
| Crown value (1 = grey-brown–10 = russet) |
3.06 ± 1.30 (1–5, 17) |
4.02 ± 1.37 (2–7, 60) |
2.33 ± 1.16 (1–3, 3) |
5.10 ± 0.96 (3–7, 30) |
2.00 ± 0.76 (1–3, 8) |
7.44 ± 1.14 (4–9, 41) | ** | *** | *** | *** | *** | *** | *** | |
| Crown scalloping (1 = uniform–10 = dark scalloping) |
2.41 ± 0.94 (1–4, 17) |
4.17 ± 1.44 (1–7, 59) |
5.67 ± 1.53 (4–7, 3) |
2.50 ± 0.97 (1–5, 30) |
6.25 ± 1.49 (4–8, 8) |
3.22 ± 2.19 (1–7, 41) | * | *** | *** | * | *** | ** | ||
| Crown-mantle contrast (1 = none–10 = strong) |
2.06 ± 0.90 (1–3, 17) |
3.06 ± 1.08 (2–8, 32) |
7.33 ± 0.58 (7–8, 3) |
2.60 ± 0.72 (1–4, 30) |
7.00 ± 1.53 (4–8, 7) |
2.20 ± 0.52 (1–3, 20) | *** | *** | *** | |||||
| Mantle color (1 = very olive–10 = very russet) |
3.06 ± 1.30 (1–5, 17) |
4.21 ± 1.47 (2–6, 33) |
6.33 ± 1.53 (5–8, 3) |
4.07 ± 0.83 (3–6, 30) |
6.83 ± 1.17 (6–9, 6) |
7.95 ± 0.59 (7–9, 21) | * | ** | *** | *** | *** | ** | ||
| Eyering color (1 = white–5 = buff–10 = absent) |
2.00 ± 1.00 (1–5, 17) |
2.71 ± 0.99 (1–5, 48) |
3.67 ± 1.16 (3–5, 3) |
1.75 ± 0.70 (1–3, 28) |
3.29 ± 1.25 (2–5, 7) |
4.12 ± 0.87 (2–5, 41) | *** | *** | ** | *** | ||||
| Eyering breadth (1 = very broad–10 = absent) |
2.94 ± 1.48 (1–5, 17) |
3.02 ± 1.07 (1–5, 49) |
3.50 ± 2.12 (2–5, 2) |
2.93 ± 1.33 (1–6, 28) |
5.00 ± 1.29 (3–7, 7) |
4.46 ± 1.14 (2–7, 41) | *** | *** | ** | *** | ||||
| Pale supraloral extent (1 = much pale–10 = no pale) |
3.77 ± 1.79 (1–8, 17) |
3.22 ± 1.50 (1–8, 59) |
3.00 ± 1.00 (2–4, 3) |
2.23 ± 0.85 (1–4, 31) |
3.25 ± 2.05 (2–8, 8) |
5.55 ± 1.85 (2–9, 42) | ** | *** | *** | ** | ||||
| Lores value (1 = all-pale–10 = all dark) |
5.29 ± 1.49 (3–8, 17) |
4.72 ± 1.46 (2–10, 57) |
6.33 ± 1.16 (5–7, 3) |
3.77 ± 0.97 (2–5, 30) |
5.86 ± 1.21 (4–7, 7) |
8.17 ± 1.27 (4–10, 42) | ** | *** | *** | *** | *** | |||
| Auriculars blotchiness (1 = uniform–10 = large blotches) |
4.41 ± 1.87 (1–7, 17) |
5.71 ± 1.08 (3–8, 58) |
4.50 ± 3.54 (2–7, 2) |
8.00 ± 1.07 (6–10, 31) |
2.00 ± 0.82 (1–3, 7) |
4.98 ± 1.77 (1–8, 41) | *** | *** | ** | *** | *** | *** | ||
| Auriculars streakiness (1 = streaked–10 = unstreaked) |
4.47 ± 1.7 (1–7, 17) |
4.43 ± 1.58 (1–8, 58) |
4.50 ± 3.54 (2–7, 2) |
5.73 ± 2.0 (3–9, 30) |
1.57 ± 0.79 (1–3, 7) |
3.46 ± 1.34 (2–7, 41) | *** | *** | *** | *** | *** | |||
| Pale submoustachial prominence (1 = not apparent–10 = all-white) |
4.00 ± 2.24 (2–10, 17) |
4.90 ± 1.54 (2–10, 58) |
5.33 ± 0.58 (5–6, 3) |
3.74 ± 1.29 (2–7, 31) |
7.12 ± 0.99 (6–9, 8) |
6.17 ± 1.21 (3–8, 42) | * | * | *** | *** | *** | *** | ||
| Dark malar prominence (1 = not apparent, 10 = black) |
4.06 ± 1.35 (3–7, 17) |
5.19 ± 1.33 (3–9, 58) |
4.00 ± 1.73 (2–5, 3) |
3.97 ± 1.05 (2–6, 31) |
6.38 ± 2.07 (4–9, 8) |
7.45 ± 1.31 (5–10, 42) | * | ** | *** | ** | *** | |||
| Throat color (1 = white–10 = buff) |
2.59 ± 1.46 (1–6, 17) |
3.75 ± 1.60 (1–8, 59) |
4.33 ± 0.58 (4–5, 3) |
2.19 ± 1.05 (1–7, 31) |
5.88 ± 1.55 (3–8, 8) |
6.50 ± 1.50 (3–9, 42) | ** | *** | *** | *** | *** | *** | ||
| Throat marking (1 = none–10 = heavy) |
3.41 ± 1.50 (2–7, 17) |
4.09 ± 1.47 (2–8, 59) |
6.00 ± 2.65 (3–8, 3) |
2.58 ± 0.85 (1–6, 31) |
2.25 ± 0.89 (1–4, 8) |
2.67 ± 0.95 (1–6, 42) | * | *** | *** | *** | ||||
| Breast ground color (1 = white–10 = buff) |
5.77 ± 2.56 (2–9, 17) |
6.70 ± 1.60 (2–10, 60) |
8.33 ± 1.16 (7–9, 3) |
4.23 ± 1.33 (2–9, 31) |
8.88 ± 0.64 (8–10, 8) |
8.00 ± 0.86 (6–9, 42) | * | *** | *** | *** | *** | *** | * | |
| Central breast mark shape (1 = triangles–10 = chevrons) |
1.88 ± 1.17 (1–5, 17) |
1.49 ± 1.15 (1–8, 59) |
4.33 ± 0.58 (4–5, 3) |
3.61 ± 1.02 (1–5, 31) |
3.25 ± 1.49 (1–5, 8) |
2.57 ± 1.21 (1–7, 42) | ** | *** | *** | *** | ||||
| Central breast mark density (1 = very light–10 = very heavy) |
5.35 ± 2.23 (1–8, 17) |
6.08 ± 1.78 (1–9, 60) |
6.00 ± 1.00 (5–7, 3) |
4.55 ± 1.15 (2–7, 31) |
5.00 ± 1.51 (3–7, 8) |
7.21 ± 1.24 (4–9, 42) | ** | *** | *** | *** | ||||
| Flank mark density (1 = very light–10 = very heavy) |
4.29 ± 1.40 (2–7, 17) |
5.12 ± 1.60 (2–8, 60) |
7.33 ± 0.58 (7–8, 3) |
4.03 ± 1.74 (2–8, 31) |
5.38 ± 2.00 (2–8, 8) |
5.59 ± 1.48 (3–8, 42) | * | ** | *** | |||||
| Flank mark shape (1 = straight–10 = chevrons) |
6.88 ± 2.18 (3–10, 17) |
7.07 ± 1.46 (2–9, 60) |
5.68 ± 1.53 (4–7, 3) |
1.36 ± 0.55 (1–3, 31) |
4.00 ± 2.27 (2–7, 8) |
4.79 ± 1.98 (1–10, 42) | ** | *** | *** | *** | *** | *** | ||
| Central belly markings (1 = none–10 = heavy) |
3.41 ± 1.23 (2–7, 17) |
3.27 ± 1.00 (2–6, 56) |
2.50 ± 0.71 (2–3, 2) |
1.29 ± 0.46 (1–2, 31) |
2.50 ± 0.76 (2–4, 8) |
3.83 ± 1.22 (3–7, 42) | *** | * | * | *** | *** | *** | ||
| Vent percent dark (1 = all-white 10 = all dark) |
5.41 ± 1.18 (4–7, 17) |
4.66 ± 1.25 (1–8, 61) |
4.67 ± 0.58 (4–5, 3) |
2.45 ± 0.51 (2–3, 31) |
6.25 ± 1.16 (5–8, 8) |
6.52 ± 1.31 (5–9, 42) | * | *** | ** | *** | *** | *** | ||
| Undertail-tail tips contrast (1 = very weak–10 = very strong) |
3.19 ± 0.91 (2–5, 16) |
3.11 ± 1.31 (2–8, 65) |
6.33 ± 2.89 (3–8, 3) |
4.55 ± 1.45 (2–7, 29) |
6.00 ± 1.77 (3–8, 8) |
7.24 ± 1.38 (3–9, 42) | ** | *** | *** | * | *** | * | ||
| Claw color (1 = much darker than toes–10 = much paler than toes) |
3.69 ± 1.12 (2–5, 17) |
3.37 ± 1.13 (1–7, 59) |
2.67 ± 1.53 (2–5, 3) |
6.23 ± 1.23 (3–8, 31) |
7.88 ± 1.13 (7–10, 8) |
7.40 ± 1.35 (3–10, 42) | *** | *** | *** | ** | *** | |||
| Patterning on folded wing (1 = none–10 = strong) |
3.88 ± 1.27 (2–5, 17) |
6.12 ± 1.02 (4–8, 33) |
3.33 ± 1.53 (2–5, 3) |
7.23 ± 0.96 (5–9, 31) |
3.29 ± 1.35 (2–6, 7) |
4.57 ± 0.93 (2–6, 41) | *** | *** | *** | *** | *** | ** | ||
| Primary coverts pattern (1 = none–10 = strong) |
5.00 ± 1.37 (3–7, 17) |
6.97 ± 0.98 (4–8, 33) |
4.33 ± 2.52 (2–7, 3) |
7.68 ± 0.70 (6–9, 31) |
4.00 ± 1.58 (2–6, 5) |
5.81 ± 1.08 (4–8, 21) | *** | *** | *** | *** | *** | ** | ||
| Secondary covert edge width (1 = broad–10 = absent) |
7.12 ± 1.27 (4–9, 17) |
7.51 ± 1.46 (4–10, 33) |
7.33 ± 1.16 (6–8, 3) |
2.61 ± 1.05 (1–7, 31) |
4.71 ± 1.50 (3–7, 7) |
8.38 ± 1.16 (5–10, 21) | * | *** | *** | ** | *** | *** | *** | |
| Secondary covert edge color (1 = white–5 = buff–10 = absent) |
5.77 ± 2.25 (2–9, 17) |
5.52 ± 2.59 (1–10, 33) |
5.33 ± 2.08 (3–7, 3) |
4.87 ± 0.34 (4–5, 31) |
5.71 ± 1.25 (5–8, 7) |
6.09 ± 1.81 (4–10, 21) | * | *** | ||||||
| Tertial edge strength (1 = strong–10 = absent) |
7.27 ± 2.05 (3–10, 15) |
8.36 ± 1.08 (4–9, 33) |
6.00 ± 2.65 (3–8, 3) |
6.35 ± 2.08 (3–10, 29) |
8.29 ± 0.76 (7–9, 7) |
8.71 ± 1.49 (3–10, 21) | * | * | *** | |||||
| Tertial edge color (1 = white–5 = buff–10 = absent) |
5.53 ± 3.07 (1–10, 15) |
6.00 ± 3.04 (1–9, 33) |
4.33 ± 3.22 (2–8, 3) |
6.00 ± 2.2 (3–10, 29) |
8.00 ± 1.87 (5–10, 7) |
8.38 ± 1.75 (3–10, 21) | * | *** | *** |