Table 1 Univariate statistics for measurements and plumage scoring of taxa of the Z. mollissima–Z. dixoni complex

Culmen l from skull

27.50 ± 1.22

(25.3–30.4, 21)

27.49 ± 1.00

(23.8–30.4, 93)

28.57 ± 0.23

(28.3–28.7, 3)

27.10 ± 1.24

(23.4–29.5, 33)

30.46 ± 0.59

(29.8–31.6, 8)

29.54 ± 1.44

(25.8–33.8, 53)

***

***

***

***

Culmen l from gape

29.54 ± 1.73

(26.6–34.4, 21)

29.71 ± 1.42

(24.7–33.0, 86)

31.67 ± 0.64

(31.3–32.4, 3)

29.70 ± 1.49

(26.2–32.8, 33)

33.81 ± 0.79

(32.9–35.1, 7)

31.61 ± 1.67

(27.8–36.0, 52)

28.6

***

***

***

***

*

Bill w from distal nares

5.25 ± 0.36

(4.6–5.7, 16)

5.47 ± 0.36

(4.7–6.2, 86)

5.77 ± 0.25

(5.5–6.0, 3)

5.34 ± 0.31

(4.6–5.9, 36)

6.12 ± 0.38

(5.5–6.6, 6)

5.96 ± 0.34

(5.2–6.8, 45)

***

***

***

***

Bill d from distal nares

5.73 ± 0.31

(5.2–5.2, 16)

5.79 ± 0.31

(4.9–6.6, 84)

6.30 ± 0.35

(5.9–6.5, 3)

5.59 ± 0.29

(5.1–6.2, 36)

7.21 ± 0.18

(7.0–7.5, 7)

6.46 ± 0.36

(5.5–7.1, 42)

***

***

***

***

***

Culmen ridge w

1.52 ± 0.15

(1.3–1.7, 15)

1.55 ± 0.16

(1.1–2.0, 84)

1.63 ± 0.15

(1.5–1.8, 3)

1.40 ± 0.12

(1.2–1.8, 36)

1.78 ± 0.31

(1.3–2.2, 6)

1.43 ± 0.11

(1.2–1.7, 43)

***

**

***

***

Bill hook l

2.36 ± 0.39

(1.7–3.2, 21)

2.29 ± 0.30

(1.5–3.0, 81)

2.37 ± 0.23

(2.1–2.5, 3)

2.02 ± 0.29

(1.3–2.6, 32)

2.60 ± 0.25

(2.2–2.9, 6)

2.58 ± 0.49

(1.3–4.2, 50)

**

**

**

***

Skull w

20.01 ± 0.62

(19.1–21.0, 7)

20.07 ± 0.95

(16.7–22.9, 70)

21.00 ± 0.07

(20.9–21.0, 2)

20.40 ± 1.5

(17.0–22.2, 12)

21.80 ± 0.70

(20.8–22.5, 6)

19.82 ± 0.83

(18.4–22.3, 40)

***

***

Rictal bristle l

10.07 ± 1.16

(7.1–12.7, 16)

10.68 ± 1.13

(7.7–13.8, 80)

10.63 ± 0.85

(9.8–11.5, 3)

10.81 ± 1.24

(7.5–13.6, 35)

11.62 ± 1.19

(9.9–12.9, 6)

12.33 ± 1.67

(8.9–15.4, 44)

***

***

Wing l flat and stretched

142.82 ± 3.46

(137.0–150.5, 25)

141.96 ± 4.46

(129.0–154.0, 94)

152.67 ± 2.52

(150.0–155.0, 3)

138.86 ± 3.77

(133.0–148.0, 38)

142.18 ± 3.72

(138.0–148.5, 8)

136.61 ± 3.80

(127.0–143.0, 51)

136.5

**

***

*

Wingtip l

44.18 ± 3.14

(35.0–49.0, 25)

44.73 ± 3.25

(33.0–53.0, 98)

45.33 ± 0.58

(45.0–46.0, 3)

43.19 ± 2.82

(39.0–54.0, 37)

38.83 ± 2.86

(34.0–42.0, 6)

41.24 ± 3.45

(26.0–46.0, 51)

***

***

Primary 1 (P1) shortfall

83.91 ± 2.87

(77.0–87.0, 16)

82.30 ± 4.52

(71.0–90.0, 87)

87.33 ± 0.58

(87.0–88.0, 3)

78.17 ± 2.85

(73.0–86.0, 38)

76.29 ± 3.77

(71.0–81.0, 7)

77.57 ± 4.32

(67.0–84.0, 45)

***

*

***

P2 shortfall

10.34 ± 1.98

(7.0–13.0, 16)

10.00 ± 1.85

(6.4–15.0, 86)

10.17 ± 1.04

(9.0–11.0, 3)

12.50 ± 1.85

(9.0–16.0, 38)

14.14 ± 2.56

(9.1–17.0, 8)

10.85 ± 2.096.7–15.2, 45)

9.5

***

***

*

*

P3 shortfall

0.44 ± 0.57

(0–1.5, 16)

0.44 ± 0.63

(0–2.0, 87)

0.83 ± 0.29

(0.5–1.0, 3)

1.35 ± 0.86

(0–3.3, 38)

1.75 ± 1.07

(0.5–4.0, 8)

0.91 ± 0.75

(0–2.5, 44)

0

***

***

**

P4 shortfall

0.27 ± 0.56

(0–2.0, 15)

0.16 ± 0.40

(0–2.0, 84)

0.00 ± 0.00

(3)

0.03 ± 0.16

(0–1.0, 38)

0.06 ± 0.18

(0–0.5, 8)

0.14 ± 0.41

(0–2.0, 45)

0

P5 shortfall

3.36 ± 1.72

(1.0–8.0, 14)

3.64 ± 1.23

(1.0–8.0, 81)

3.67 ± 0.58

(3.0–4.0, 3)

2.97 ± 0.81

(1.0–4.5, 38)

1.50 ± 0.80

(0–2.5, 8)

2.33 ± 1.13

(0–5.0, 45)

***

***

**

P6 shortfall

14.00 ± 1.7

(12.0–18.5, 15)

14.34 ± 1.72

(11.0–19.5, 81)

15.00 ± 1.00

(14.0–16.0, 3)

14.03 ± 1.5

(11.0–17.5, 36)

10.09 ± 1.67

(8.0–13.1, 7)

14.92 ± 2.04

(10.0–20.0, 45)

***

***

***

P7 shortfall

25.29 ± 2.20

(22.0–30.0, 14)

24.96 ± 2.09

(20.2–30.0, 80)

26.33 ± 0.58

(26.0–27.0, 3)

24.01 ± 1.44

(21.0–27.0, 36)

19.9 ± 2.57

(16.0–23.8, 7)

24.07 ± 2.44

(18.0–31.2, 45)

*

***

***

**

P8 shortfall

31.50 ± 3.72

(24.0–39.0, 15)

31.04 ± 2.37

(24.0–37.0, 81)

32.67 ± 0.58

(32.0–33.0, 3)

30.11 ± 1.21

(28.0–32.5, 36)

25.84 ± 2.96

(21.0–30.4, 7)

29.15 ± 2.36

(22.0–34.0, 45)

***

***

***

P9 shortfall

37.13 ± 2.77

(33.0–42.0, 15)

36.41 ± 2.84

(32.0–49.0, 81)

38.00 ± 1.00

(37.0–39.0, 3)

35.25 ± 1.27

(32.0–37.0, 36)

30.29 ± 2.14

(28.0–34.0, 7)

33.48 ± 2.15

(26.0–38.0, 44)

*

***

***

***

**

*

P10 shortfall

42.36 ± 3.67

(37.0–48.0, 14)

40.91 ± 2.55

(36.0–48.0, 78)

43.33 ± 1.16

(42.0–44.0, 3)

39.88 ± 1.54

(37.0–43.0, 36)

34.93 ± 1.88

(33.0–37.5, 7)

37.24 ± 2.54

(30.0–42.0, 43)

*

***

***

***

***

P3 emargination l

52.53 ± 3.20

(47.0–59.0, 16)

50.57 ± 2.90

(45.0–59.0, 81)

55.00 ± 1.00

(54.0–56.0, 3)

50.24 ± 2.49

(45.0–55.0, 37)

47.67 ± 3.08

(45.0–52.0, 6)

48.15 ± 2.71

(43.0–54.0, 43)

**

***

*

P4 emargination l

42.44 ± 2.07

(38.0–46.0, 16)

41.50 ± 2.37

(37.0–50.0, 81)

46.33 ± 2.08

(44.0–48.0, 3)

39.65 ± 2.15

(35.0–44.0, 37)

38.17 ± 1.17

(37.0–40.0, 6)

39.40 ± 2.71

(36.0–47.0, 43)

*

***

P5 emargination l

33.87 ± 1.93

(37.0–43.0, 16)

33.55 ± 2.56

(28.3–41, 80)

36.33 ± 2.52

(34.0–39.0, 3)

31.03 ± 3.03

(25.0–39.0, 36)

31.00 ± 2.19

(29.0–35.0, 6)

31.18 ± 2.40

(24.0–37.0, 43)

***

P2 notch l

38.88 ± 1.93

(37.0–43.0, 16)

38.99 ± 2.86

(29.0–51.0, 78)

40.00 ± 2.65

(37.0–42.0, 3)

35.97 ± 2.73

(26.0–41.0, 37)

35.00 ± 2.19

(32.0–38.0, 6)

35.40 ± 2.60

(30.0–42.0, 37)

**

***

P3 notch l

37.73 ± 2.22

(34.0–4.01, 15)

36.77 ± 2.51

(29.0–42.0, 75)

41.00 ± 1.00

(40.0–42.0, 3)

34.13 ± 2.08

(30.0–38.0, 32)

33.67 ± 1.51

(32.0–35.0, 6)

33.71 ± 2.16

(29.0–38.0, 35)

***

***

Tail l

103.94 ± 4.90

(92.0–113.0, 24)

103.25 ± 4.54

(92.0–114.0, 99)

114.0 ± 1.73

(113.0–116.0, 3)

114.61 ± 5.20

(104.0–126.0, 36)

111.75 ± 4.03

(106.0–116.0, 8)

94.49 ± 4.93

(81.7–106.0, 51)

101.6

***

***

***

***

***

Undertail coverts to tail tip

35.76 ± 3.14

(31.0–42.0, 14)

36.19 ± 5.16

(28.0–58.0, 80)

37.00 ± 2.65

(35.0–40.0, 3)

45.13 ± 4.68

(33.0–58.2, 36)

43.67 ± 6.09

(40.0–56.0, 6)

34.33 ± 5.07

(25.8–47.0, 43)

***

*

***

**

Uppertail coverts to tail tip

42.03 ± 7.63

(28.0–56.0, 13)

40.73 ± 5.66

(31.0–60.0, 82)

41.00 ± 2.83

(39.0–43.0, 2)

57.97 ± 5.33

(51.0–71.5, 30)

52.33 ± 4.55

(49.0–61.0, 6)

43.75 ± 4.68

(35.0–54.0, 42)

***

***

***

**

Tail graduation

2.37 ± 2.10

(0–7.0, 15)

2.71 ± 1.62

(0–7.0, 80)

2.33 ± 1.53

(1.0–4.0, 3)

5.00 ± 2.02

(1.8–11.0, 32)

5.17 ± 0.75

(4.0–6.0, 6)

3.43 ± 1.52

(1.0–6.1, 40)

***

*

*

Maximum w of inner rectrix

17.69 ± 1.61

(15.0–20.0, 13)

17.10 ± 1.41

(13.0–22.0, 79)

17.3 ± 0.58

(17.0–18.0, 3)

17.73 ± 1.29

(15.0–21.0,33)

19.33 ± 1.51

(17.0–21.0, 6)

17.41 ± 1.26

(15.0–20.0, 40)

*

Maximum l of white on outer rectrix

11.54 ± 4.71

(3.0–21.0, 17)

12.54 ± 5.88

(2.0–33.0, 81)

15.00 ± 5.00

(10.0–20.0.5, 3)

25.49 ± 6.95

(16.0–52.0, 33)

12.33 ± 3.50

(8.0–18.0, 6)

14.81 ± 4.53

(8.0–28.0, 43)

***

**

***

Minimum l of white on outer rectrix

3.28 ± 0.87

(2.0–6.0, 17)

3.55 ± 1.03

(1.0–7.0, 81)

3.00 ± 1.00

(2.0–4.0, 3)

12.00 ± 3.76

(4.0–20.0, 32)

3.83 ± 2.56

(1.0–7.0, 6)

4.14 ± 2.29

(2.0–13.0, 41)

***

**

***

Tarsus l

37.16 ± 1.10

(35.4–39.1, 25)

36.91 ± 1.20

(33.8–39.9, 99)

37.67 ± 1.23

(36.3–38.7, 3)

37.70 ± 0.90

(35.6–39.7, 38)

41.31 ± 1.60

(39.3–43.5, 8)

34.00 ± 1.37

(31.2–38.1, 53)

34.9

***

***

***

***

***

Hindclaw l

10.33 ± 0.64

(8.8–11.2, 19)

10.30 ± 0.51

(9.2–11.3, 84)

10.6 ± 0.00

(3)

9.56 ± 0.53

(8.4–10.6, 38)

10.51 ± 0.53

(9.7–11.2, 8)

10.19 ± 0.59

(8.9–11.6, 46)

***

**

***

Bill l/wing l ratio

0.19 ± 0.01

(0.2–0.2, 22)

0.19 ± 0.01

(0.1–0.2, 80)

0.19 ± 0.01

(0.2–0.2, 3)

0.20 ± 0.01

(0.2–0.2, 32)

0.21 ± 0.01

(0.2–0.2, 8)

0.22 ± 0.01

(0.2–0.2, 48)

***

***

***

***

Wing l/tail l ratio

1.38 ± 0.05

(1.3–1.5, 24)

1.38 ± 0.05

(1.3–1.6, 92)

1.34 ± 0.04

(1.3–1.4, 3)

1.22 ± 0.05

(1.1–1.3, 37)

1.27 ± 0.03

(1.2–1.3, 8)

1.44 ± 0.07

(1.3–1.6, 46)

***

***

***

***

***

Bill l/tarsus l ratio

0.74 ± 0.04

(0.7–0.8, 22)

0.74 ± 0.03

(0.7–0.8, 87)

0.76 ± 0.03

(0.7–0.8, 3)

0.72 ± 0.03

(0.6–0.8, 32)

0.74 ± 0.04

(0.7–0.8, 8)

0.87 ± 0.06

(0.7–1.0, 50)

*

***

***

***

Bill l/culmen ridge w ratio

18.09 ± 1.75

(15.9–21.5, 13)

17.56 ± 1.47

(14.4–19.8, 58)

19.37 ± 1.84

(15.1–24.6, 31)

18.36 ± 2.86

(15.9–23.1, 5)

21.07 ± 1.96

(16.2–26.0, 37)

**

***

**

Bill l/bill d ratio

4.78 ± 0.29

(4.4–5.5, 13)

4.74 ± 0.22

(4.2–5.3, 67)

4.54 ± 0.22

(4.4–4.8, 3)

4.86 ± 0.30

(4.2–5.44, 31)

4.23 ± 0.10

(4.0–4.3, 7)

4.59 ± 0.21

(4.1–4.9, 38)

***

*

***

**

**

Tarsus l/hallux l ratio

3.62 ± 0.23

(3.3–4.0, 19)

3.60 ± 0.18

(3.3–4.1, 53)

3.55 ± 0.12

(3.4–3.6, 3)

3.95 ± 0.21

(3.6–4.5, 38)

3.95 ± 0.22

(3.7–4.3, 7)

3.32 ± 0.23

(2.8–3.9, 41)

***

**

***

***

***

Wing l/tarsus l ratio

3.85 ± 0.14

(3.6–4.2, 25)

3.84 ± 0.13

(3.6–4.1, 91)

4.05 ± 0.09

(4.0–4.1, 3)

3.69 ± 0.12

(3.5–3.9, 38)

3.44 ± 0.09

(3.3–3.6, 8)

4.03 ± 0.20

(3.7–4.4, 48)

***

***

***

***

***

***

Mandible color (1 = all fleshy–10 = all black)

5.77 ± 1.69

(3–8, 13)

6.85 ± 1.15

(3–9, 61)

8.67 ± 0.58

(8–9, 3)

6.10 ± 0.87

(4–8, 31)

7.25 ± 1.03

(5–8, 8)

8.14 ± 1.10

(5–10, 42)

*

*

***

**

***

*

Crown color (1 = medium brown–10 = very dark brown)

2.71 ± 1.21

(1–5, 17)

5.10 ± 1.58

(2–8, 60)

8.00 ± 1.73

(6–9, 3)

5.50 ± 1.01

(3–7, 30)

8.13 ± 1.13

(6–9, 8)

7.48 ± 0.97

(5–9, 42)

***

***

***

***

***

Crown value (1 = grey-brown–10 = russet)

3.06 ± 1.30

(1–5, 17)

4.02 ± 1.37

(2–7, 60)

2.33 ± 1.16

(1–3, 3)

5.10 ± 0.96

(3–7, 30)

2.00 ± 0.76

(1–3, 8)

7.44 ± 1.14

(4–9, 41)

**

***

***

***

***

***

***

Crown scalloping (1 = uniform–10 = dark scalloping)

2.41 ± 0.94

(1–4, 17)

4.17 ± 1.44

(1–7, 59)

5.67 ± 1.53

(4–7, 3)

2.50 ± 0.97

(1–5, 30)

6.25 ± 1.49

(4–8, 8)

3.22 ± 2.19

(1–7, 41)

*

***

***

*

***

**

Crown-mantle contrast (1 = none–10 = strong)

2.06 ± 0.90

(1–3, 17)

3.06 ± 1.08

(2–8, 32)

7.33 ± 0.58

(7–8, 3)

2.60 ± 0.72

(1–4, 30)

7.00 ± 1.53

(4–8, 7)

2.20 ± 0.52

(1–3, 20)

***

***

***

Mantle color (1 = very olive–10 = very russet)

3.06 ± 1.30

(1–5, 17)

4.21 ± 1.47

(2–6, 33)

6.33 ± 1.53

(5–8, 3)

4.07 ± 0.83

(3–6, 30)

6.83 ± 1.17

(6–9, 6)

7.95 ± 0.59

(7–9, 21)

*

**

***

***

***

**

Eyering color (1 = white–5 = buff–10 = absent)

2.00 ± 1.00

(1–5, 17)

2.71 ± 0.99

(1–5, 48)

3.67 ± 1.16

(3–5, 3)

1.75 ± 0.70

(1–3, 28)

3.29 ± 1.25

(2–5, 7)

4.12 ± 0.87

(2–5, 41)

***

***

**

***

Eyering breadth (1 = very broad–10 = absent)

2.94 ± 1.48

(1–5, 17)

3.02 ± 1.07

(1–5, 49)

3.50 ± 2.12

(2–5, 2)

2.93 ± 1.33

(1–6, 28)

5.00 ± 1.29

(3–7, 7)

4.46 ± 1.14

(2–7, 41)

***

***

**

***

Pale supraloral extent (1 = much pale–10 = no pale)

3.77 ± 1.79

(1–8, 17)

3.22 ± 1.50

(1–8, 59)

3.00 ± 1.00

(2–4, 3)

2.23 ± 0.85

(1–4, 31)

3.25 ± 2.05

(2–8, 8)

5.55 ± 1.85

(2–9, 42)

**

***

***

**

Lores value (1 = all-pale–10 = all dark)

5.29 ± 1.49

(3–8, 17)

4.72 ± 1.46

(2–10, 57)

6.33 ± 1.16

(5–7, 3)

3.77 ± 0.97

(2–5, 30)

5.86 ± 1.21

(4–7, 7)

8.17 ± 1.27

(4–10, 42)

**

***

***

***

***

Auriculars blotchiness (1 = uniform–10 = large blotches)

4.41 ± 1.87

(1–7, 17)

5.71 ± 1.08

(3–8, 58)

4.50 ± 3.54

(2–7, 2)

8.00 ± 1.07

(6–10, 31)

2.00 ± 0.82

(1–3, 7)

4.98 ± 1.77

(1–8, 41)

***

***

**

***

***

***

Auriculars streakiness (1 = streaked–10 = unstreaked)

4.47 ± 1.7

(1–7, 17)

4.43 ± 1.58

(1–8, 58)

4.50 ± 3.54

(2–7, 2)

5.73 ± 2.0

(3–9, 30)

1.57 ± 0.79

(1–3, 7)

3.46 ± 1.34

(2–7, 41)

***

***

***

***

***

Pale submoustachial prominence (1 = not apparent–10 = all-white)

4.00 ± 2.24

(2–10, 17)

4.90 ± 1.54

(2–10, 58)

5.33 ± 0.58

(5–6, 3)

3.74 ± 1.29

(2–7, 31)

7.12 ± 0.99

(6–9, 8)

6.17 ± 1.21

(3–8, 42)

*

*

***

***

***

***

Dark malar prominence (1 = not apparent, 10 = black)

4.06 ± 1.35

(3–7, 17)

5.19 ± 1.33

(3–9, 58)

4.00 ± 1.73

(2–5, 3)

3.97 ± 1.05

(2–6, 31)

6.38 ± 2.07

(4–9, 8)

7.45 ± 1.31

(5–10, 42)

*

**

***

**

***

Throat color (1 = white–10 = buff)

2.59 ± 1.46

(1–6, 17)

3.75 ± 1.60

(1–8, 59)

4.33 ± 0.58

(4–5, 3)

2.19 ± 1.05

(1–7, 31)

5.88 ± 1.55

(3–8, 8)

6.50 ± 1.50

(3–9, 42)

**

***

***

***

***

***

Throat marking (1 = none–10 = heavy)

3.41 ± 1.50

(2–7, 17)

4.09 ± 1.47

(2–8, 59)

6.00 ± 2.65

(3–8, 3)

2.58 ± 0.85

(1–6, 31)

2.25 ± 0.89

(1–4, 8)

2.67 ± 0.95

(1–6, 42)

*

***

***

***

Breast ground color (1 = white–10 = buff)

5.77 ± 2.56

(2–9, 17)

6.70 ± 1.60

(2–10, 60)

8.33 ± 1.16

(7–9, 3)

4.23 ± 1.33

(2–9, 31)

8.88 ± 0.64

(8–10, 8)

8.00 ± 0.86

(6–9, 42)

*

***

***

***

***

***

*

Central breast mark shape (1 = triangles–10 = chevrons)

1.88 ± 1.17

(1–5, 17)

1.49 ± 1.15

(1–8, 59)

4.33 ± 0.58

(4–5, 3)

3.61 ± 1.02

(1–5, 31)

3.25 ± 1.49

(1–5, 8)

2.57 ± 1.21

(1–7, 42)

**

***

***

***

Central breast mark density (1 = very light–10 = very heavy)

5.35 ± 2.23

(1–8, 17)

6.08 ± 1.78

(1–9, 60)

6.00 ± 1.00

(5–7, 3)

4.55 ± 1.15

(2–7, 31)

5.00 ± 1.51

(3–7, 8)

7.21 ± 1.24

(4–9, 42)

**

***

***

***

Flank mark density (1 = very light–10 = very heavy)

4.29 ± 1.40

(2–7, 17)

5.12 ± 1.60

(2–8, 60)

7.33 ± 0.58

(7–8, 3)

4.03 ± 1.74

(2–8, 31)

5.38 ± 2.00

(2–8, 8)

5.59 ± 1.48

(3–8, 42)

*

**

***

Flank mark shape (1 = straight–10 = chevrons)

6.88 ± 2.18

(3–10, 17)

7.07 ± 1.46

(2–9, 60)

5.68 ± 1.53

(4–7, 3)

1.36 ± 0.55

(1–3, 31)

4.00 ± 2.27

(2–7, 8)

4.79 ± 1.98

(1–10, 42)

**

***

***

***

***

***

Central belly markings (1 = none–10 = heavy)

3.41 ± 1.23

(2–7, 17)

3.27 ± 1.00

(2–6, 56)

2.50 ± 0.71

(2–3, 2)

1.29 ± 0.46

(1–2, 31)

2.50 ± 0.76

(2–4, 8)

3.83 ± 1.22

(3–7, 42)

***

*

*

***

***

***

Vent percent dark (1 = all-white 10 = all dark)

5.41 ± 1.18

(4–7, 17)

4.66 ± 1.25

(1–8, 61)

4.67 ± 0.58

(4–5, 3)

2.45 ± 0.51

(2–3, 31)

6.25 ± 1.16

(5–8, 8)

6.52 ± 1.31

(5–9, 42)

*

***

**

***

***

***

Undertail-tail tips contrast (1 = very weak–10 = very strong)

3.19 ± 0.91

(2–5, 16)

3.11 ± 1.31

(2–8, 65)

6.33 ± 2.89

(3–8, 3)

4.55 ± 1.45

(2–7, 29)

6.00 ± 1.77

(3–8, 8)

7.24 ± 1.38

(3–9, 42)

**

***

***

*

***

*

Claw color (1 = much darker than toes–10 = much paler than toes)

3.69 ± 1.12

(2–5, 17)

3.37 ± 1.13

(1–7, 59)

2.67 ± 1.53

(2–5, 3)

6.23 ± 1.23

(3–8, 31)

7.88 ± 1.13

(7–10, 8)

7.40 ± 1.35

(3–10, 42)

***

***

***

**

***

Patterning on folded wing (1 = none–10 = strong)

3.88 ± 1.27

(2–5, 17)

6.12 ± 1.02

(4–8, 33)

3.33 ± 1.53

(2–5, 3)

7.23 ± 0.96

(5–9, 31)

3.29 ± 1.35

(2–6, 7)

4.57 ± 0.93

(2–6, 41)

***

***

***

***

***

**

Primary coverts pattern (1 = none–10 = strong)

5.00 ± 1.37

(3–7, 17)

6.97 ± 0.98

(4–8, 33)

4.33 ± 2.52

(2–7, 3)

7.68 ± 0.70

(6–9, 31)

4.00 ± 1.58

(2–6, 5)

5.81 ± 1.08

(4–8, 21)

***

***

***

***

***

**

Secondary covert edge width (1 = broad–10 = absent)

7.12 ± 1.27

(4–9, 17)

7.51 ± 1.46

(4–10, 33)

7.33 ± 1.16

(6–8, 3)

2.61 ± 1.05

(1–7, 31)

4.71 ± 1.50

(3–7, 7)

8.38 ± 1.16

(5–10, 21)

*

***

***

**

***

***

***

Secondary covert edge color (1 = white–5 = buff–10 = absent)

5.77 ± 2.25

(2–9, 17)

5.52 ± 2.59

(1–10, 33)

5.33 ± 2.08

(3–7, 3)

4.87 ± 0.34

(4–5, 31)

5.71 ± 1.25

(5–8, 7)

6.09 ± 1.81

(4–10, 21)

*

***

Tertial edge strength (1 = strong–10 = absent)

7.27 ± 2.05

(3–10, 15)

8.36 ± 1.08

(4–9, 33)

6.00 ± 2.65

(3–8, 3)

6.35 ± 2.08

(3–10, 29)

8.29 ± 0.76

(7–9, 7)

8.71 ± 1.49

(3–10, 21)

*

*

***

Tertial edge color (1 = white–5 = buff–10 = absent)

5.53 ± 3.07

(1–10, 15)

6.00 ± 3.04

(1–9, 33)

4.33 ± 3.22

(2–8, 3)

6.00 ± 2.2

(3–10, 29)

8.00 ± 1.87

(5–10, 7)

8.38 ± 1.75

(3–10, 21)

*

***

***