Table 1 Studies of vocal sex dimorphism of monomorphic birds included in this review
From: Gender identification using acoustic analysis in birds without external sexual dimorphism
Order | Common and scientific names | Call type | Method | Sexing reliability | Number of birds | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Apterygiformes | Little Spotted Kiwi (Apteryx owenii) | Loud whistle call | Measuring acoustic variables | 100 % | 9 m; 6 f | Digby et al. (2013) |
Anseriformes | White-faced Whistling Duck (Dendrocygna viduata) | Loud whistle call | Measuring acoustic variables | 100 % | 14 m; 9 f | |
Fulvous Whistling Duck (Dendrocygna bicolor) | Loud whistle call | Measuring acoustic variables | 100 % | 6 m; 5 f | Volodin et al. (2009) | |
Cuban Whistling Duck (Dendrocygna arborea) | Loud whistle call | Measuring acoustic variables | 100 % | 10 m; 7 f | Volodin et al. (2009) | |
Red-billed Whistling Duck (Dendrocygna autumnalis) | Loud whistle call | Measuring acoustic variables | 100 % | 4 m; 4 f | Volodin et al. (2009) | |
Red-breasted Goose (Branta ruficollis) | Two-syllable call | Measuring acoustic variables and DFA | No sex differences | 22 m; 12 f | Volodin et al. (2008) | |
Red-breasted Goose (Branta ruficollis) | Duet call (triumph ceremony) | Revealing male and female parties by spectrogram | 100 % | 65 birds | Volodin (1990b) | |
White-fronted Goose (Anser albifrons) | Duet call (triumph ceremony) | Visual inspection of spectrogram | High | Not given | Krechmar (2003) | |
Galliformes | Willow Ptarmigan (Lagopus lagopus) | “krrow” call | Visual inspection of spectrogram | High | Not given | Martin et al. (1995) |
Podicipediformes | Black-necked Grebe (Podiceps nigricollis) | Advertising call | Measuring acoustic variables | High | 38 m; 27 f | Nuechterlein and Buitron (1992) |
Columbiformes | Orange-bellied Fruit-dove (Ptilinopus iozonus) | Coo call | Visual inspection of spectrogram | High | Not given | Baptista and Gaunt (1997) |
Eurasian Collared Dove (Streptopelia decaocto) | Coo call | Measuring acoustic variables | 100 % | 9 m; 6 f | Ballintijn and ten Cate (1997) | |
Caprimulgiformes | Marbled Frogmouth (Podargus ocellatus) | Gobble call | Measuring acoustic variables | High | 20 m; 21 f | Smith and Jones (1997) |
Cuculiformes | Pheasant Coucal (Centropus phasianinus | Descending whoops call; scale call | Measuring acoustic variables | High | 9 m; 9 f | Maurer et al. (2008) |
Gruiformes | Purple Swamphen (Porphyrio porphyrio) | Crowing call | Visual inspection of spectrogram | High | Not given | Clapperton (1983) |
American Hoot (Fulica americana) | Squeak call, 1-note recognition call, 2-note recognition call | Measuring acoustic variables | 100 % | 14 birds | Cosens (1981) | |
Whooping Crane (Grus americana) | Guard call | Measuring acoustic variables and DFA | High | 141 m; 118 f | Carlson and Trost (1992) | |
White-naped Crane (Grus vipio) | Guard call | Measuring acoustic variables | Low | 5 m; 5 f | Bragina and Beme (2013) | |
White-naped Crane (Grus vipio) | Duet call | Revealing male and female parties by spectrogram | 100 % | Not given | Swengel (1996) | |
Siberian Crane (Grus leucogeranus) | Trill call | Measuring acoustic variables | High | 9 m; 9 f | Bragina and Beme (2007) | |
Red-crowned Crane (Grus japonensis) | Duet call | Revealing male and female parties by spectrogram | 100 % | 10 m; 10 f | Klenova et al. (2008) | |
Procellariiformes | Leach’s Storm-petrel (Oceanodroma leucorhoa) | Chatter call | Measuring acoustic variables | 100 % | 14 m; 12 f | Taoka et al. (1989a) |
Swinhoe’s Storm-petrel (Oceanodroma monorhis) | Flight call | Visual inspection of spectrogram | 100 % | 50 m; 50 f | ||
Madeiran Storm-petrel (Oceanodroma castro) | Flight call | Visual inspection of spectrogram | 100 % | Not given | James and Robertson (1985a) | |
Fork-tailed Storm petrel (Oceanodroma furcata) | Single-syllable call | Visual inspection of spectrogram | 100 % | Not given | Simons (1981) | |
Greater Shearwater (Puffinus gravis) | Burrow call | Measuring acoustic variables | High | 12 m; 10 f | Brooke (1988) | |
Little Shearwater (Puffinus assimilis) | Burrow call, flight call | Visual inspection of spectrogram | 100 % | 14 m; 14 f | James and Robertson (1985b) | |
Manx Shearwater (Puffinus puffinus) | Burrow call | Visual inspection of spectrogram | High | 18 m; 11 f | Brooke (1978) | |
Yelkouan Shearwater (Puffinus yelkouan) | Burrow call | Measuring acoustic variables | 100 % | 28 m; 18 f (in two studies) | ||
Balearic Shearwater (Puffinus mauretanicus) | Burrow call | Measuring acoustic variables | 100 % | 11 m; 10 f | Cure et al. (2010) | |
Cory’s Shearwater (Calonectris diomedea) | Burrow call | Measuring acoustic variables | 100 % | 62 m; 45 f (in two studies) | ||
Blue Petrel (Halobaena caerulea) | Burrow call | Visual inspection of spectrogram | High | 404 m; 100 f | ||
Thin-billed Prion (Pachyptila belcheri) | Burrow call | Visual inspection of spectrogram | 100 % | 154 m; 127 f | Genevois and Bretagnolle (1995) | |
Broad-billed Prion (Pachyptila vittata) | Burrow call | Visual inspection of spectrogram | High | Not given | Bretagnolle et al. (1990) | |
Antarctic Prion (Pachyptila desolata) | Burrow call | Visual inspection of spectrogram | High | Not given | Bretagnolle et al. (1990) | |
Fairy Prion (Pachyptila turtur) | Burrow call | Visual inspection of spectrogram | High | Not given | Bretagnolle et al. (1990) | |
Salvin’s Prion (Pachyptila salvini) | Burrow call | Visual inspection of spectrogram | High | Not given | Bretagnolle et al. (1990) | |
Bulwer’s Petrel (Bulweria bulwerii) | Single call, double call, repeat call | Measuring acoustic variables | No sex differences | 18 m; 24 f | James and Robertson (1985c) | |
Snow Petrel (Pagodroma nivea) | Burrow call | Measuring acoustic variables | No sex differences | 26 m; 24 f | Barbraud et al. (2000) | |
Ciconiiformes | Oriental Stork (Ciconia boyciana) | Clatter | Measuring acoustic variables | 100 % | 7 m; 7 f | Eda-Fujiwara et al. (2004) |
Charadriiformes | Black-legged Kittiwake (Rissa tridactyla) | Long call | Measuring acoustic variables and DFA | 100 % | 18 m; 14 f | Aubin et al. (2007) |
Black-legged Kittiwake (Rissa tridactyla) | Long call | Measuring acoustic variables and DFA | Low | 41 m; 35 f | Mulard et al. (2009) | |
European Herring gull (Larus argentatus) | Kyow alarm call, kek alarm call | Measuring acoustic variables | No sex differences | 8 m; 8 f | Hardouin et al. (2013) | |
Brown Skua (Catharacta antarctica) | Loud call, contact call, alarm call | Measuring acoustic variables and DFA | Low | 20 m; 22 f | Janicke et al. (2007) | |
Parakeet Auklet (Cyclorhynchus psitaculla) | Whinny call | Measuring acoustic variables and DFA | High | 8 m; 5 f | Klenova et al. (2012) | |
Crested Auklet (Aethia cristatella) | Trumpet call | Measuring acoustic variables and DFA | No sex differences | 9 m; 4 f | Klenova et al. (2012) | |
Strigiformes | Eastern Screech-owl (Otus asio) | Bounce song | Measuring acoustic variables | High | 5 m; 3 f | Cavanagh and Ritchison (1987) |
Western Screech-owl (Otus kennicottii) | Bounce song | Measuring acoustic variables | 100 % | 15 m; 10 f | Herting and Belthoff (2001) | |
Barred Owl (Strix varia) | One-phrased hoot, inspection call | Measuring acoustic variables | High | 2 m; 4 f | Odom and Mennill (2010) | |
African Wood Owl (Strix woodfordii) | Hoot call | Measuring acoustic variables | High | Not given | Steyn and Scott (1972) | |
Eagle Owl (Bubo bubo) | “u-hu” call | Measuring acoustic variables | 100 % | 9 m; 9 f | Grava et al. (2008) | |
Coraciiformes | Green Woodhoopoe (Phoeniculus purpureus) | “kek” call | Measuring acoustic variables | 100 % | 41 m; 38 f | Radford (2004) |
European Bee-eater (Merops apiaster) | Provisioning call | Measuring acoustic variables | No sex differences | 14 m; 14 f | Lessells et al. (1995) | |
Falconiformes | White-tailed Hawk (Buteo albicaudatus) | Alarm call | Measuring acoustic variables | High | 3 m; 3 f | Farquahar (1993) |
Psittaciformes | Poicephalus Parrots 6 species | Distress call | Measuring acoustic variables | Low | 4–10 birds per species | Venuto et al. (2001) |
Kea (Nestor notabilis) | Mew call, screech call | Measuring acoustic variables | Low | Not given | Schwing et al. (2012) | |
Passeriformes | White-rumped Munia (Lonchura striata phaethontoptila) | Distant call | Visual inspection of spectrogram | 100 % | 13 m; 13 f | Mizuta et al. (2003) |