Skip to main content
Fig. 5 | Avian Research

Fig. 5

From: The stoichiometric approach in determining total evaporative water loss and the relationship between evaporative and non-evaporative heat loss in two resting bird species: passerine and non-passerine

Fig. 5

Model of daily energy expenditure in an endothermic animal for an unlimited period from [34]. Daily energy expenditure (DEE) is based on experimentally determined dependencies of energy parameters on ambient temperature (T A, °C): DEE = h min(1 − aα)(T B − T A) + aBMR, where DEE is the daily energy expenditure at any activity level (a) and ambient temperature; h min, the minimum degree of change in nonevaporative heat dissipation (thermal conductance) at rest h min = BMRs/T B − T lc; h max, the maximum degree of change in nonevaporative heat dissipation (thermal conductance) at rest h max = BMRs/T B − T uc; h max = 4h min; α = 1/4, the coefficient of efficiency in converting metabolic into mechanical power (i.e., into work output); T B, the body temperature (40 °C in birds); BMR, the basal metabolic rate; T Ic, the lower critical temperature; T uc, the upper critical temperature; T ll, the lower limit of species temperature tolerance; Q min = SMR = h min(T B − T A), the minimum heat dissipation or standard metabolic rate; Q max = h max(T B − T A), the maximum heat dissipation; EM = h EM(T B − T A) + BMR, the existence metabolism; a, the activity level (at a = 0, DEE = SMR; at a = 1, DEE = EM); and MPE = h max(T B − T lc) = 4BMR, the maximum potential existence metabolism. MAM is the maximum aerobic metabolism. The hatched zone corresponds to the evaporative heat dissipation

Back to article page